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GEOGRAPHIES 



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VOLUME 



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COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr. 



PENNSYLVANIA 



^Tl^^^ 



TARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES 



SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME 



PENNSYLVANIA 



BY 

WILLIAM W. RUPERT, C.E. 

SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, POTTSTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA 



yj Neto Hork 
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 
1903 

All rights reserved 



1 Ht. LoK/iKY OK 
CONGRESS, 

Tv/o Copies Received 

MM -114 1903 

n Copyright Entry 
tfLASS ^ XXo, No. 

5" *;) r t 

i CpPYJv 






Copyright, 1903, 
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY, 



Set up and electrotyped January, 1903. 



Norinoot) }9rcs3 

J. S. Cushius & Co. — Berwick & Smith 
Norwood Mass, U.S.A. 



PREFACE 

For the general plan of this Supplement, and for kindly 
and helpful criticisms, I am greatly indebted to the authors 
of the Series. 

Acknowledgment is also due for the following photo- 
graphs : Figs. 1, 2, and 44, presented by Professor Mil- 
ton C. Cooper of Philadelphia ; Figs. 5 and 42, presented 
by Professor Ralph S. Tarr of Cornell University ; Figs. 
6 and 35, presented by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Commissioner 
of Forestry ; Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, presented 
by Professor Daniel S. Hartline of the Bloomsburg State 
Normal School ; Figs. 17 and 18, presented by the West- 
inghouse Air Brake Company ; Figs. 21, 23, and 24, pre- 
sented by Superintendent D. A. Harman of Hazleton, 
Pennsylvania ; Figs. 26, 27, and 28, presented by the 
American Bridge Company ; Fig. 46, presented by my 
wife ; Fig. 48, presented by Miss Effie Starrett, teacher 
in Pottstown schools ; Fig. 50, presented by Dr. J. P. 
McCaskey of Lancaster ; Fig. 53, presented by Dr. Daniel 
Carhart of Western University of Pennsylvania. 

Hearty thanks are tendered to city and borough super- 
intendents all over the state for valuable information 
respecting local matters. 

WILLIAM VV. RUPERT. 

Pottstown, Pa., 
December 20, 1902. 



CONTENTS 



Introductory Qdestions and Suggestions 








1 


Origin of the Name Pennsylvania 








. 1-3 


Physiography and Natural Products 










. 3-22 


Older. Appalachian Belt 










. 5-6 


Newer Appalachian Belt . 












. 6-11 


Alleghany Plateau 












12-13 


The Terminal Moraine 












13-19 


Drainage and Kindred Matter 












19-22 


Climate 












23-24 


Railroads and Canals . 












24-30 


Industries of Pennsylvania . 












30-61 


Agriculture 












30-32 


Coal Industry 












32-43 


Iron and Steel Industry 












43-49 


Textile Industry 












50-51 


Leather Industry 












51-52 


Refining Sugar . 












52-54 


Petroleum .... 












54-60 


Natural Gas 












60-61 


Coke 












. 61 


The Glass Industry . 












. 61 


Cities and Toavns . 












62-72 


Philadelphia 












62-65 


Also pp. 5, 12, 17 


, 19, 


23, 2( 


J, 6o, 


45,4 


6, 60 


, 51, 52, 75 



VIU 



CVNTJENT8 



Pittsborsr 



Also pp. 17, 20, 23, 



Allegheny . 
Scrantoix 
Reading 
Erie . 
Wilkesbarre 

Harrisburg 

Lancaster 

Altoona 

Johnstown 

Allentown 

McKeesport 

Chester 

York . 

Williamsport 

New Castle 

Easton 

History 

Famous Men 

Education 

Government 

Reference Books 

Appendix . 



Also pp 



10, 



6 
15-16 



65-66 

25, 26, 75 

66-67 

67, 60 

67, 81 

-08, 16, 23 

. 68 

17, 34, 50 

68-69, 23 

. 69 

. 69 

69-70, 26 

70, 50, 81 

. 70 

70, 50 

71, 28 

71, 11 
71-72, 16 

72, 50 
72-82 
82-84 
84-91 
91-94 

. 94 
95-101 



PENNSYLVANIA 



Cilies with over 1„0C 
Cities with 100,000 to 
Cities with 25,000 to 
Cities auti Borou'glij 
Cities and Borouglii 
Smiiller Pl,ices;. , . 
Couuty Seats witli Ic 

Capitals of Slates 




Philadelphia 

10,000: Pittslbiirg 

100: Erie 

10,000 to -.'j.ooo: . . Bradford 
D.OOO to 10,000:. . .Titusiille 



PENNSYLTANIA 

Scale uf Miles, 




-Wc-'f from GrceDwich 77° 



PENNSYLVANIA SUPPLEMENT 

Introductory Questions and Suggestions. — (1) On a map 
of the United States, note carefully the position of Pennsylvania. 
(2) What states touch Pennsylvania? (3) What waters wash its 
boundaries ? (4) Between what parallels does Pennsylvania lie ? 
(5) Between what meridians? (0) When one stands in the most 
northern portion of Pennsylvania, is he halfway from the equator to 
the pole ? (7) Using the scale of the map, verify the following figures: 
The greatest length of the state from east to west is about 302 miles ; 
greatest width, about 17G miles ; area, about 45,215 square miles. 

(8) What is the distance, air-line, from Philadelphia to Pittsburg? 
(The distance between the cities by rail is 354.3 miles. The best 
express train requires 7| hours to run from one city to the other.) 

(9) How does the distance between Pittsburg and Philadelphia com- 
pare with that between London and Paris? (1(1) With the distance 
between London and Edinburgh? 

(11) Referring to the proper tables in your geography, compare 
the area of Pennsylvania with that of the kingdom of Belgium. 
(12) Putting Scotland and Switzerland together, how do they com- 
pare in size with Pennsylvania? (13) Which is the larger, Portugal 
or Pennsylvania? (14) Pennsylvania or P^ngland? (15) Using the 
tables in your geography, calculate what part of the population of 
the United States is found in Pennsylvania? (16) AVhat part of the 
population of Pennsylvania is found in the city of Philadelphia? 
(17) How does the i^opulation of Pennsylvania compare with that of 
Canada? (18) On the average, how many people to the square mile 
in Pennsylvania? (19) How many to the square mile in your county? 
(2U) In Ihe United States? 

ORIGIN OF THE NAME PENNSYLVANIA 

Two hundred and twenty-one years ago the vast and 
populous area now known as Pennsylvania, with all its 
untold and unsuspected wealth, was granted by the king 

B 1 



2 PENNSYLVANIA 

of England, Charles II, to William Penn. liut why should 
the king be so generous ? As we shall see, it was not gen- 
erosity that prompted the grant. William Penn's father 
— Admiral Penn — had been a brave and loyal subject of 
the king, and at the time of the admiral's death the king 
owed him for services and money loaned (for even kings 
were in those days obliged to borrow money) ?t'80,000. 

The admiral being dead, this money belonged to his son 
and heir, William. Now William Penn was anxious to 
get away from England because he and many of his friends 
had been persecuted, fined, and imprisoned on account of 
their religion. William Penn Avas a Eriend, or Quaker. 
He was also an able and unflinching advocate of civil, 
religious, and political rights. Practising and preaching 
such doctrines in those days meant no end of trouble. 

Anxious to find a community where the persecuted of 
all lands and all religions might live under the freedom 
of their own laws, and seeing no liope for any such colony 
in the Old World, Penn turned his eyes toward the New. 
He had already encouraged some of his converts to emi- 
grate to America, and their success at Burlington, N.J., 
filled him with hope for the future. 

. Although the king owed William Penn 180,000, Penn 
did not want money ; he needed land. The king did not 
have much money, but he had land and to spare. What 
could be easier ? " I will," thought Charles II, " discharge 
this del)t by giving William Penn some of my land across 
the sea," and he certainly gave him a generous slice — 
one large enough to accommodate all the Quakers in the 
world. 

This new province must have a name. Penn himself 
suggested New Wales, but this did not suit the fancy of 



PHYSIOGRAPUY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS 3 

the king. Penn next proposed Sylvania, meaning wood- 
lands, wliieli the king at once accepted after adding the 
prefix Penn, the Welsh word for head, in honor of the 
admiral, Penn's father. Penn was not pleased with this 
addition, for to the mind of the plain Quaker the prefix 
smacked of vanity. He even went so far as to offer the 
king's secretary twenty guineas (about -f 100) if he would 
drop the first syllable, but fortunately this was not done. 

Pennsylvania is also known throughout the world as the 
"Keystone State," because, like the " keystone " of an arch it 
stood in the centre of the thirteen original colonies, six of these 
colonies lying north of Pennsylvania, and six lying south of it. 
AVhich Avere north ? Which were south ? The arch-like curve 
of the Atlantic coast line, with the crown of the arch opposite 
to Pennsylvania, makes the resemblance to a keystone quite 
striking. Point it out in the map. 

It has also been asserted by some, and there may be trutli in 
the assertion, that Pennsylvania was called the Keystone State 
because the vote of her delegation in the Continental Congress 
secured the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS 

Extending from the far north with a majestic sweep, 
the Appalachian Mountains cross tlie eastern United 
States from New England to Alabama. The Keystone 
State lies directly across their course. In order to under- 
stand this wonderful mountain system, and at the same 
time some of the })rincipal geographical features of Penn- 
sylvania, we shall have to take a peep at the history of 
the Appalachians. 

Long, long ages before the present mountains of our 
state were born, there existed what geologists call the 



4 PENNS YL VA NIA 

Older Appalachians. This old range of monntains, after 
crossing New England and northwestern New Jersey, 
swept right over what is now a part of the great city of 
Philadelphia, and thence passed on toward the sonth. 
True there are -no mountain peaks in this portion of our 
state to-day; but this is no proof that they never have 
been there. The sigais and traces of a lofty mountain 
range, now departed, are pointed out by Professor Angelo 
Heilprin, the geologist of the Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences, Philadelphia, in his delightful book, " Town 
Geology." After calling attention to the manner in 
which erosion reduces the height of mountains, he says, 
" In ages gone by mountain peaks rivalling, if not ex- 
ceeding, the Mont Blanc in altitude, may have constituted 
the ancestors of the present humble elevations of Fair- 
mount Park." Little by little, through long, long ages. 
Time's tooth gnawed down these grand old mountains 
until they were brought close to the sea-level. Only 
here and there where the rock masses were especially 
hard, as was the case with the White Mountains of New 
Hampshire and the Black Mountains of North Carolina, 
were there any mountains left standing. 

With these exceptions, then, and a few others, these 
mountains were all reduced to lowlands. But now a 
remarkable thing happened. These lowlands, with the 
few hard masses standing bravely and boldly above tliem, 
were all elevated by a gentle but powerful uplift of the 
land. This gentle uplift produced a broad swell, from 
the crest of which slopes extended to the southeast and 
the northwest. This broadly uplifted portion, though 
folded and faulted in places, did not at first present a 
decidedly mountainous appearance; but it does so appear 



PHYSIOGBAPHY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS 5 

now because of the excavation of many valleys by the 
erosive action of water. The mountains thus formed are 
the ones that greet our eyes to-day. They lie farther west 
than the old range, and though called by geologists the 
Newer Appalachians, they are not by any means young. 

Now we come to another very important event in the 
history of the Appalachians — an event that practically 
fixed the position of Philadelphia. Long after the uplift 
of the lowlands, and after the great swell of land thus 
produced had been cut up into ridges and valleys by the 
removal of the soft rock by erosion, down went the land 
again. True, the land did not sink very far, but it sank 
enough to allow salt water to enter the Delaware as far 
as its junction with the Schuylkill. In otlier words, if 
Pennsylvania could not go to the sea, the sea could go 
to Pennsylvania. It was, then, this subsidence of the land 
that gave Pennsylvania her great port in the East. 

Three large and well-defined physical divisions are 
found in Pennsylvania. 

Older Appalachian Belt. — Lying east and south of the 
modest ridge known as South Mountain, we have a roll- 
ing, hilly upland with an average elevation of about three 
hundred feet, and seldom rising more than five hundred 
feet above the sea-level. This is the Older Appalachian 
Belt. The valle3^s and uplands of this section are remark- 
ably well adapted to agriculture, and many of the most 
intelligent and prosperous farmers in the world are found 
here. The counties of Adams, York, Lancaster, Chester, 
Delaware, Montgomery, Bucks, Philadelphia, and about 
half of Berks are within this area. Nearly one-third of 
the entire population of Pennsylvania is found in this 
corner of the state. 



6 PENNS YL VA NIA 

Lancaster County, near the centre of this section, with 
a popuhition of almost 160,000, and with an area of nearly 
1000 square miles, is justly famed for her agricultural 
wealth. Her corn, wheat, milk, and butter cannot be sur- 
passed, and her tobacco ranks with the best. Schuylkill, 
Chester, Pequa, and other valleys of this section are noted 
for tlieir excellent crops, large barns, and comfortable, 




Fk;. 1. 
Field of tobacco, Lancaster Couuty, Pa. 

well-furnished farm-houses. Evidently the Older Appa- 
lachian Belt is not to be despised by the agriculturist. 

Newer Appalachian Belt. — North and west of the area 
just described comes the Newer Appalachian Belt— a 
younger mountain system with many ridges and inter- 
vening valleys. Some of these ridges run f(n' fifty or 
sixty miles with scarcely a deflection from a bee-line, and 
show few if any notches. When one ridge changes its 
direction, the others, as a rule, change with it, thus enclos- 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS 7 

ing valleys Avith parallel sides. Viewed from some com- 
manding height, these parallel ridges remind one of the 
snccessive waves of the sea. This section of the state 
might very properly be called the ridge-and- valley belt, or 
the mountainous belt. It sweeps entirely across the state 
from northeast to southwest, and stretches from the South 
Mountain on the east to the Alleghanies on the west. 

These long, even-crested mountain ridges are known 
by many local names. You can find these names on the 
map. They divide the lowlands into many separate val- 






Fig. 2. 
Farm buildings, Lancaster County, Pa. 

leys, which are often connected Avitli some difficulty by 
roads over the mountains. Mother Nature sometimes 
comes to man's help, and kindly connects the valleys by 
means of water gaps — notches which rivers or creeks 
have cut across the ridges. The Delaware, the Schuyl- 
kill, the Lehigh, and the Susquehanna have cut beautiful 
and famous gaps in the mountains. Men are, of course, 
shrewd enough to take advantage of these gaps when 
entering a new country ; or later, when building rail- 
roads. Examine your map carefully, and see what rail- 



8 



PENNSYLVANIA 



roads, if any, pass through the gaps just named. What 
lesson respecting the conii^osition of a mountain ridge 
may be learned from an even, unnotclied crest? 

The superb scenery about the Delaware Water Gap — 
where the Delaware breaks through the Blue Ridge — in- 
duced capitalists to build large summer hotels in that vicin- 
ity. Here people from the cities seek the cool, pure air. 




Fig. 3. 
The Delaware Water Gap. 

the sweet water, tlie delightful quiet, and tlie charming 
scenery of the mountains. 

The valleys between the ridges are frequently under- 
laid by limestone. This is a striking characteristic of 
that magnificent valley lying between the South Moun- 
tain and the Blue Ridge. It is a garden in fertility, and 
of surpassing beauty. A ride along it in a railroad train 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS 




Fig. 4. 

" Old Bangor Slate Quarry," 300 feet deep, Bangor, Pa. Largest slate quarry 
iu the United States, and next to the largest in the world. 

makes one wish he were a farmer. It shouki be noted, 
however, that this noble valley is not confined to Penn- 
sylvania. To the northeast it extends across northern 
New Jersey, and to the southeast it may be followed to 
Georgia. The valley, as a whole, is known as the Great 
valley, but various local names are applied to it. West 
of the Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania, it is called the Cum- 
berland valley ; but east of that stream it is known as the 
Lebanon valley. In New Jersey it is the Kittatinny val- 
ley ; in Virginia it is the famous Shenandoah. Using the 
scale of the map, estimate the width of the valley at dif- 



10 



PENNS YL VA NIA 



ferent points in Pennsylvania. Estimate the length of 
the Great valley. Name three towns in the Cumberland 
valley, and three iji the Lebanon valley. 

In this mountain belt is found a generous supply of 
limestone, slate, and iron ore ; but most important of all 
here are the richest deposits of anthracite coal to be found 
in the world. Since both coal and limestone are needed 




Fi(i. .-.. 
Muucli C'liuiik. View from .suinmit of Mt. Pisgali. 

for the (extraction of iron from its ore, it is fortunate for 
Pennsylvania that all three are found here in abundance. 

Mining is, therefore, a most important industry in the 
Newer Appalachian Belt. This industry has attracted 
many European miners and laborers to Pennsylvania, and 
hence in the mining districts foreigners are very numerous. 

The anthracite coal is found in three separate fields, — 
the northern, the middle, and the southern. Of the first 
field, Wilkesbarre, IScranton, and Pittston are the most im- 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS 



11 



portant mining centres. The remarkable wealth and pros- 
perity of tliese cities may be traced directly to coal. Of 
the middle field, Shamokin, Shenandoah, Mahanoy City, 
and Hazleton are 
the important cen- 
tres. Pottsville, Ta- 
maqua, and Mauch 
Chunk owe their 
prosperity, if not 
their very existence, 
to the southern de- 
posit of anthracite. 
Just as the cities 
named in the above 
paragraph owe their 
birth and vigorous 
life to deposits of 
anthracite, so Wil- 
liamsport is the nat- 
ural result of the 
remarkably valua- 
ble forests of white 
pine, hemlock, and 
other timber that 
grew along the west 
branch of the Susquehanna. The lumberman's axe and 
the hungry sawmill have, however, made sad havoc during 
the last fifty years in the great forests of William Penn's 
" Sylvania," and Williamsport, though as prosperous and 
wealthy as ever, and though still cutting about 150,000,000 
feet of lumber yearly, is losing her distinctive character 
as a great lumber mart. 




Fin. f). 

Forest of virgin white pine, Clearfield 

County, Pa, 



12 PENNS YL VA XIA 

The Alleghany Plateau. — The third natural division of 
Pennsylvania, known to geologists and geographers as the 
Alleghany Plateau, embraces all that portion of the state 
(with the exception of a very small area along Lake Erie) 
which lies Avest and north of the Alleghanies. 

This plateau along the crest of the Alleghanies is 
about 2000 feet above tide. The slope of the plateau 
toward the valleys on the east is quite abrupt, but the 
slope toward the west is very gradual, extending far away 
toward the prairies of the west. Where the plateau 
crosses into Ohio, it is still nearly 1000 feet high. The 
height of the plateau, the steep slopes facing the east, 
and the absence of important gaps acted as serious checks 
upon immigration into the valley of the Ohio. 

Within the Keystone State there is no cut completely 
through the mountain system similar to that of the ]Mohawk 
valley in New York. This, for Pennsylvania, must be 
regarded as a misfortune. Had there been such a cut, 
Philadelphia might have been the metropolis of tlie United 
States. Commerce with the great West, tln-ough the Mo- 
hawk valley, was a most important factor in the growth and 
importance of New York. Philadelphia is, by the whole 
width of the state of New Jersey, nearer the West than 
New York ; but the mountain ridges, and the still more for- 
midable Alleghany Plateau, lay squarely between the two. 
Along the streams, which traverse this region in every 
direction, the plateau has been cut down, forming tortuous 
valleys of considerable depth. To an unobserving traveller 
in these deep valleys, the plateau-like nature of the 
country through which he is passing is not apparent. 
The true nature of the region would at once be recognized 
from a balloon. 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS 13 

A considerable portion of this section is well adapted to 
agriculture, but it is the petroleum, natural gas, and bitu- 
minous coal that have made it rich and famous. Here, 
too, are found the finest forests in the state ; also fire- 
clays, good building stones, and excellent sand for glass- 
making. 

The cities and towns of this part of the state owe their 
present wealth and prosperity, and in some cases their 
very existence, to the magnificent beds of bituminous coal 
that lie but a few hundred feet beneath the surface, and 
to the wonderful petroleum that is readily reached by 
drilling. Had these riches, better than gold or diamonds, 
beneath the surface of the plateau been wanting, even 
Pittsburg and Allegheny, so admirably located at the 
head of the Ohio, and now one of the great industrial 
centres of the world, might have remained comparatively 
insignificant. As anthracite made Wilkesbarre, and as 
pine and hemlock gave birth to Williamsport, so petro- 
leum produced such cities as Bradford, Oil City, Franklin, 
and Titusville. 

Along Lake Erie is a small strip of fertile country which 
belongs to the Erie Plain. The soil and climate are 
especially adapted to the growing of grapes. Many 
varieties are cultivated, but the Concord is the favorite. 
At the height of the season as many as sixty cars of hue 
grapes are shipped daily from North East — the centre of 
the grape-shipping trade. 

The Terminal Moraine. — You have read, when studying 
North America, about the great glacier that thousands of 
years ago came down from the North. This great ice- 
sheet came down into Pennsylvania. It reached within 
sixty miles of the site of Philadeliihia, and within thirty- 



14 



PENNS YL VAN I A 



five miles of tlie place where Pittsburg now stands, before 
that great enemy of ice — heat — brought it to a standstill. 
A glacier ceases to advance when there is heat enough to 
melt the ice as rapidly as it moves forward. The moving 
ice carries with it great quantities of clay and rock mate- 




Fu;. 7. 

The srcat terminal moraine crossing Fishing Creek Valley, Cumberland 
County, Pa. At tliis point the moraine is probably 125 feet high and 
half a mile wide. Foreground is glaciated area. 

rial which, dropping out along the front of the glacier as 
the ice melts, forms a huge pile of debris called a terminal 
moraine. 

The great terminal moraine enters Pennsylvania one 
mile below Belvidere on the Delaware River. From this 
point, with many twists and turns, but keeping a general 
northwest direction, it crosses the counties of Northamp- 
ton, Monroe, and Carbon, reaching the Lehigh River at 
Hickory Run about ten miles north of Mauch Chunk. 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS 



15 



At this point it enters Luziirne County, after crossing 
the southern portion of which it strikes the east branch 
of the Susquehanna at Beach Haven, about fifteen miles 
above Bloomsburg. 

Toward the northwest the moraine crosses the counties 
of Columbia, Sullivan, Lycoming, Tioga, and Potter. On 
leaving Potter County, the moraine finds itself in the state 
of New York, but after a brief course here it returns to 
Pennsylvania, crossing the Conewango River in Warren 
County about seven miles north of the county seat. From 




Fi.;. S. 

Nearer view of terminal moraine. Country highway cut through its front. 
Notice the cohhlestones. 

the Conewango the moraine extends southwest, passing 
through the counties of Crawford, Venango, Butler, 
Lawrence, and Beaver. It is rather remarkable that the 
moraine leaves Pennsylvania at precisely the latitude at 
which it enters it — 40° 50'. 

In the eastern portion of the state, Stroudsburg, Wilkes- 



16 



PENNS YL VA NIA 



barre, Pittston, Scranton, and Wellsboro are all on the 
glaciated area. In the western portion of the state, Erie, 
Meadville, Mercer, and New Castle are also on land that 
has been scoured by the great ice-sheet. Franklin, Oil 
City, and Titusville are close to the moraine, but are on 
the un glaciated area. 

Pupils who live near the terminal moraine have an en- 
viable opportunity to study the effects of the great ice- 




FiG. 9. 

Eagles Mere, Sullivan County, Pa. This beautiful sheet of water was pro- 
duced by glacial action. 

sheet. On the one side of the moraine is soil that has 
been through that wonderful mill — the ice-sheet ; on the 
other side is soil that, unless it has been carried forward 
by streams, has never been ground in the glacial mill. 
The contrast is often very great, and always instructive. 

As you have learned, the occurrence of lakes and 
marshes (which represent extinct lakes) is one of the 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS 17 

most striking features of glaciated areas. The area back 
of the terminal moraine in Pennsylvania is no exception 
to this rule. North of the moraine are hundreds of lakes ; 
south of it, not one. 

Deep Lake and Lakes Poponoming and Minneola, all in 
Monroe County, are kettle-hole lakes — lakes in kettle- 
shaped depressions of the terminal moraine. Lakes of this 
kind are numerous in Pennsylvania. Though the water 
covers a very small area, it is often quite deep — 30 to 50 
feet. Sometimes the terminal moraine itself dams up a 
stream, thus forming a lake. Long Pond, upon the top of 
the Pocono Mountain, was formed in this way. 

Waterfalls are also signs of a glaciated area. North 
of the moraine in Pennsylvania there are over two hun- 
dred waterfalls — all beautiful, and many of considerable 
size. 

Of course the great ice-sheet brought into Pennsylvania 
an immense number of boulders, large and small, and it 
manufactured cobblestones for us by the million. Every 
schoolboy who has visited any city on or near the glaci- 
ated area must have seen these cobblestones used for mak- 
ing the firm but noisy and rough roadways found there. 
Philadelphia, especially, has been noted for its cobblestone 
streets ; but here and elsewhere better material is now 
used for the construction of roadways. 

On Penobscot Knob, a mountain that overlooks Wilkes- 
barre, rests a big boulder measuring 9x6x4-i- feet. This 
boulder, like thousands of others, was brought here by the 
ice, and left where it is now seen. 

Much of the brick-clay about Philadelphia and Pitts- 
burg, and indeed along the valleys of all streams flowing 
from the glaciated portion of our state, was made by the 




Figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. 

A group of Pennsylviiuia waterfalls. 

18 



PUYSIOGEAPHY AND NATUBAL PBODUCTS 19 

torrents of muddy water that flowed from the front of 
the melting ice-sheet. 

Drainage and Kindred Matter. — When we remember 
that Pennsylvania has an area of about 45,215 square 
miles, and an annual rainfall of about 40 inches, the pres- 
ence of such large rivers as the Delaware, the Susque- 
hanna, and the Allegheny is readily understood. 

On the eastern boundary, the Delaware with its famous 
and beautiful tributaries, the Lehigh and the Schuylkill, 
drains, within tlie state, an area of 6443 square miles. 
These tributaries, rising in the anthracite coal regions, 
furnish natural and easy routes for railroads by which the 
anthracite may be transported from the mines to the sea- 
board. The Delaware admits the largest ocean steamers 
to Philadelphia, and is navigable by small boats as far as 
Trenton. Both the city of Philadelphia and the national 
government have spent, and are spending, large sums of 
money to improve navigation in the Delaware. This stream 
drains -in all about 11,000 square miles of territory. 

The Susquehanna with its branches drains an area of 
21,000 square miles — nearly one-half of the state. This 
noble river is famous alike for its beauty and its historical 
associations. The Susquehanna is a wide, shallow stream, 
filled with islands, and often broken by rapids. It is there- 
fore not navigable, but immense quantities of lumber were 
formerly rafted down its current in seasons of high water. 
The coal from the northern anthracite region finds an easy 
road to market along its banks. The North Branch and 
the West Brancli unite at Northumberland to form the 
Susquehanna proper. Fifteen miles above Harrisburg 
the Susquehanna receives a stream, the Juniata, which is 
widely celebrated for the beauty of its valley. The poet 



20 PENNS YL VA NIA 

has found in this stream a fitting theme for a song, " The 
Blue Juniata ": — 

" Wild roved an Indian girl, 
Bright Alfarata, 
Where sweep the waters 
Of the blue Juniata." 

The Ohio, between Pittsburg and the state line, together 
with the Allegheny and the ^Nlonongahela, wldeh unite to 
form it, drains 14,747 square miles of our state. Of this 
area the Allegheny alone drains 9550 square miles. The 
Davis island dam, on the Ohio, built by the national 
government in 1878-1885, at a cost of a million dollars, 
gives to Pittsburg a magnificent harbor more than six 
miles long. 

Much fine bituminous coal is exposed to view along the 
Allegheny and the Monongaliela. These rivers are wide 
and shallow, but the national government has, at heavy 
expense, built great dams across them for the purpose of 
backing up the water, and thus making it deep enough to 
carry barges loaded with coal and other merchandise. By 
means of nine locks and dams, owned and maintained by 
the United States, the Monongahela is made navigable as 
far as the West Virginia line. In like manner the Alle- 
gheny has been made navigable for many miles. The slack 
water between the dams is called a pool. The fourth pool 
on the Monongahela, foi'ty-one miles above Pittsburg, is 
now the scene of very active mining operations. 

Occasionally, coal accunuilates in the harbor at Pitts- 
burg, until a million or more tons are there awaiting a rise 
in the river. When the water reaches a suitable height, 
great fleets of coal boats, each containing from 10,000 to 
15,000 tons, are made up for shipment to Cincinnati or 



PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS 21 

Louisville. At Louisville two or three Pittsburg fleets 
are sometimes united, thus making monster fleets, con- 
taining from 35,000 to 40,000 tons. These are towed to 
New Orleans by powerful towboats. The magnitude of a 
fleet conveying 40,000 tons of coal will be comprehended 
when we understand that it covers about ten acres of 
water. 

Valleys are very attractive places in which to live. 
Here are fertile soil, water power, and superior facilities 
for transportation. But there is one danger inseparably 
connected with valleys — the danger from floods. Much 
property is destroyed every year in Pennsylvania by 
freshets, and not infrequently lives are lost. During the 
winter of 1901-1902, there were three destructive freshets 
in Pennsylvania. Lives were lost, and the losses in prop- 
erty were unusually heavy. 

A simple but impressive calculation recently suggested in 
" Forest Leaves," by Mr. John Birkinbine, gives us a hint of 
the tremendous power set free in a rainfall of a few inches. 
An inch of rainfall on a square mile represents a weight of 
about 65,000 tons. Or, to look at the matter in another way, 
one inch of rain on a square mile would fill a pipe, with a 
diameter sufficient to allow a man to stand upright in it, six- 
teen miles long. Now when we call to mind tlie area drained, 
for example, by the Susquehanna, and remember that from 
two to three inches of rain may occasionally fall in a single 
day, we are prepared to expect disastrous floods. 

How much of any given rainfall finds its way at once to tlie 
streams, depends upon the slope and the condition of the ground 
receiving it. Among other causes that augment the run-off, 
and thus increase the danger from freshets, is the destruction 
of our forests. The floor of a forest is absorbent. It is some- 
what like a sponge ; it holds the water for some time, giving it 
up gradually. Such action, it will be seen, not only diminishes 



22 PENNSYLVANIA 

the danger from freshets, but it also stores up water in the 
soil against the days of drought which, sooner or later, are 
certain to come. Forests, of course, cannot prevent freshets, 
but they do mitigate their destructive effects. 



m 


^^^^^^^H 






H| 


^j^^g 



Fig. 15. 

Bridge over the Susquehanna at Harrishurg, Pa. 
Wrecked hy flood in winter of 1<X)1-1!)02. 

" Every freshet and every drought," says Mr. Birkinbine, 
"emphasizes the importance of the state of Pennsylvania's 
maintaining a system of forest protection on one-sixth of its 
area which the Commissioner of Forestry asserts is better 
adapted to forest growth than to other purposes, and is a strong 
argument in favor of increasing and maintaining its forest 
reserves." 

Suggestions. — (1) Perhaps you would like to verify by your own 
calculations the figures given above respecting the rainfall on a square 
mile. (2) Construct a drainage map of Pennsylvania, showing the 
three principal river systems, — the Delaware, the Susquehanna, and 
the Ohio. ('^) Draw lines to repi-esent the water i^artings between the 
different river basins. (4) Do any other river systems receive drainage 
from Pennsylvania? If so, what are they? 



CLIMATE 



23 



CLIMATE 

The following tables, compiled from the official reports 
of the U. S. Weather Bureau, give the facts respecting 
temperature, rainfall, and snowfall in different parts of 
the state for the year 1901. Departures from the normal 
are indicated in separate columns. 

Temperature in Degrees Fahrenheit 



Stations 


AuDual 
Mean 


Departure 


Maximum 


Minimum 


Elevations of 
Instruments, 
Feet 


Erie . . . 


48.2° 


- 0.()° 


91° 


— 2° 


1400 


Pittsburg . . 


52.6° 


- 0.3° 


98° 


2° 


842 


Harrisburg . 


51.9° 


-0.4° 


100° 


9° 


361 


Philadelphia 


.53.8° 


0.0" 


103° 


6° . 


117 



Precipitation in Inches 





Total Annual Pre- 






Stations 


cipitation, including- 

Melted Snow 


Departure 


Snowfall 


Erie .... 


31.67 


- S.ll 


58.7 


Pitt.sbiirg . ■ . 


40.76 


+ 4.01 


44.6 


Harrisburg 


29.81 


-8.11 


18.3 


Philadelphia . 


45..54 


+ 5.56 


10.0 



It will be seen from an examination of the tables that 
the average temperature of the northwest is considerably 
lower than the average temperature of the southeast. It 
will be seen, too, that while the annual normal precii)i- 



24 PENN S YL VA NIA 

tation does not vary much in the different parts of the 
state, the snowfall in the north and west is much greater 
than it is in the south and east. 

Upon the whole the climate of Pennsylvania is health- 
ful and invigorating. Among the mountains are numerous 
summer resorts where thousands may be found in search 
of rest, pleasure, and health. 

Questions and Suggestions — (1) How do you explain the 
above facts respecting temperature, rainfall, and snowfall ? (2) A 
good thermometer and a rain gauge are important aids in the study 
of geography. If you have these instruments, compare your records 
with a number of places quite differently located. (3) What winds 
bring rain to you? AVhy? (4) What are the prevailing winds in your 
vicinity? Why? (5) Do you know of any summer resorts in your 
part of the state? What are their chief attractions? (6) Procure 
and examine booklets from Cres«on Springs, Cambria County, Eagles 
Mere, Sullivan County, or other famous resorts. They contain 
valuable information and instructive illustrations. 



RAILROADS AND CANALS 

As we ride along in one of the magnificent express 
trains of the present day, it is hard to realize that seventy- 
five years ago there was no such thing as a passenger 
steam railroad in the United States. Railroads are among 
the most potent factors of modern civilization, and Penn- 
sylvania is well supplied with them. Within her borders 
there are to-day over 10,000 miles of railroads, and along 
these roads are found the great interests of the state. 

In the early days of Pennsylvania, the turnpike and 
the broad-wheeled Conestoga wagon, drawn by six or 
eight horses, were regarded with quite as much admira- 
tion as that which is now bestowed upon our superb rail- 
roads — the best in the world. Between 1790 and 1806 



RAILROADS AND CANALS 25 

a turnpike, passing through Lancaster, Carlisle, Shippens- 
burg, and Bedford, was built from Philadelphia to Pitts- 
burg. Over this rolled a great tide of emigration to the 
West. Food, clothing, furniture, medicine, farming im- 
plements, men, women, and children were hauled in wagons 
across the mountains to Pittsburg. During a year over 
12,000 of these wagons, 33 every day, entered that city. 
The old pike, with scores of old-fashioned hotels lining its 
course, is still in existence ; but the glory, both of the 
pike and the hotels, has long since departed. 

In tlie meantime the steamboat was invented and found 
its way into the Ohio and the Mississippi. The people of 
the West could now float their flour, pork, and lumber 
down to New Orleans, and in the steamboat bring back 
the sugar, coffee, dry-goods, and other things which they 
needed. This was far cheaper than hauling over the Alle- 
ghanies in Conestoga wagons. If the people of the East 
were to hold this wonderfully remunerative trade, they 
must provide some cheaper means of transportation. 

The first step in this direction was taken when it was 
proposed to build the Erie Canal. When this canal was 
finished in 1825, the cost of carrying a ton of freight from 
Albany to Buffalo was reduced from 1120 to 114. You 
may be sure that this caused great excitement in Pennsyl- 
vania. It was now possible to send freight from Phila- 
delphia to Albany by sailing vessels, and then by the Erie 
Canal, Lake Erie, Lake Chautauqua, and the Allegheny 
River to Pittsburg. Freight could be sent by this route 
for one-third of what it cost to wagon it over the moun- 
tains of Pennsylvania. 

What could Pennsylvania do? She lost no time, but 
determined at once to join Philadelphia and Pittsburg by 



26 PENNS YL VA NIA 

a system of canals. This, in a mountainous state like 
Pennsylvania, was a most serious undertaking ; but, for- 
tunately, the railroad was now slowly developing, and the 
people of the state utilized it in their system of trans- 
portation, thus making it part railroad and part canal. 
The railroad of that day, however, was not a steam road ; 
it was only a horse railroad. 

From Philadelphia to Columbia, by way of Lancaster, 
the railroad was used. There goods for the West were 
transshipped to the canal and conveyed along the Susque- 
hanna and the Juniata to Ilollidaysburg. Here another 
change must be made — that time from canal to cars. 
These cars were now hauled to the foot of a series of in- 
clines, on the summits of wliich were placed stationary 
engines for the purpose of drawing the cars up the moun- 
tains. By these means they reached the summit of the 
Alleghanies — 1397 feet above llollida^^sburg and 1172 
feet above Johnstown. From this point, in like manner, 
the cars were let down inclined planes on the other side of 
the mountains to Johustown, — the eastern end of the 
trans-Alleghanian canal and the western terminus of the 
" Portage Railroad," as this system of inclined planes was 
called. Here the goods were again transferred to the 
canal, and in due time reached that famous centre of dis- 
tribution — Pittsburg. The ruins of the old Portage 
Railroad may still be seen from the car windows by trav- 
ellers over the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
which long ago displaced the old system. 

This system of transportation, combining the horse rail- 
road and the canal, was a great improvement upon the 
Conestoga wagon ; but, like the pike, it, too, was inade- 
quate to the needs of the people. The railroad was a 



RAILROADS AND CANALS 



27 



single-tracked one with turnouts to enable cars to pass 
each other. Naturally, tiie drivers, a careless set at best, 
frequently met where there was no turnout. This meant 
a block to traffic, or a hglit, or both, and in the end one 
party was ol^liged to go back to the first turnout. Finally, 
in 1834, the road was double-tracked, and the hrst locomo- 
tives were used for drawing the cars. Soon it was plain 
that horses and locomotives could not work on the same 
tracks, and in 183G steam became the motive power. From 
that time to this there has been a constant series of im- 




FiG. in. 

Peunsylviiuia Railroad Bridge over the Susquelianna, a few miles above Har- 
risburg. ^Laterial. stone : length, one mile. Cost, $l,OnO,(1()0. Mountain 
in foreground, Kittatinny. Second range, Sharp Mountain. Mountain 
in background, Peters. 



provements in railroad construction, in locomotives, in 
cars, and in management. From light wooden rails we 
have come to those of heavy 'steel ; from frail bridges to 
strong ; from hand-brake to air-brake ; from passenger 
cars looking like our present freight cars to perfect pal- 
aces ; from insignificant coal cars holding a few tons to 
great steel ones carrying fifty tons : and from crude man- 
agement to that which challenges the admiration of the 
world. 



28 



PENNSYLVANIA 



In no particular has iniprovenient been more marked than 
in the character of the locomotives. In ISol the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad Company offered a premium of $4000 " for 
the most approved engine which shall be delivered for trial 
upon the road on or before the 1st of June, 1831." One of the 
requirements was that the engine should not exceed 3^ tons' 
weight. The premium was taken by the " York," which was 
built at York, Pa. Locomotives weighing over a hundred tons 
are now built, and their power is in like proportion. In the 
early locomotive no cab sheltered the engineer, no brake was 
at his command, and wood was the fuel supplied. 




Fig. 17. 

Works of the Westiiighouse Air Brake Company at Wiliiiordiiisi. on the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad, fourteen miles east of Pittsburg, Pa. 

Without his WestinCThouse air-brake, tlie engineer of 
to-day would be helpless indeed. The Westinghouse Air 
Brake Company, Wilmerding, Pa., about fourteen miles 
east of Pittsburg, on the main line of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road, makes one set of brakes every minute of a working 
day. To December 31, 1900, the number of Westinghouse 
brakes ordered in the United States alone for locomotives 
was about 40,000, and for railway cars about 1,160,000. 
The Westinghouse brake is the standard railway brake of 



RAILROADS AND CANALS 



29 



the world, and is used in Africa, America (on about 550 
railways), Argentina, Australia, Austria-Hungary, Bel- 
gium, Bulgaria, -Germany, Great Britain, Holland, India, 
Italy, Persia, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Spain, Sweden, 
Norway, and Switzerland. 

It was at Honesdale, Pa., in 1829, that the first run was 
made by a locomotive in America. This is a fact of which 




Kic IS. 

All interior view of the Westinghouse Air Brake Compauy's Works, 
Wilmerdiu''-, Pa. 



Pennsylvanians are a little proud. Horatio Allen, an en- 
gineer of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, brought it from 
England, where he had been studying the application of 
steam to transportation by land. When Allen had his 
locomotive on the track, he urged some one in the large 
assemblage gathered to see the wonderful machine, to 
take a seat on the engine with him ; but no one was bold 
enough to do so. He therefore pulled open the throttle, 



30 



PENJVS YL VA NIA 



and, alone in his glory, swept out of sight at the rate of 
ten miles an hour — a high speed for those days. 

Freight is now 
carried safely 
and rapidly at 
the rate of about 
half a cent per 
ton per mile. 
Passengers in 
luxuriously fur- 
nished coaches, 
having at their 
command dining- 
cars, sleeping- 
cars, s m k i n g 
cars, barber shops, and other conveniences, are carried 
across the state in a little over seven hours. What a 
change from the days of the Conestoga wagon ! 




A modern diiiiusr car. 



INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 

Agriculture. — This is the industry that takes prece- 
dence of all others. Without it there would soon l)e 
no necessity for any of the other industries, for man him- 
self would either be reduced to savagery or would disap- 
pear from the planet. ]\Ien have lived, and could again live, 
without coal, petroleum, iron, steel, leather, sugar, silks, 
and fine carpets ; but we cannot live without the grains, 
fruits, vegetables, meat, and milk that come from the farm. 

The farmer of this day should be a well-educated man. 
Chemistry, geology, physics, entomology, botany, and 
mathematics are of direct practical value to the farmer ; 



INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 



31 



while subjects like literature, geography, and history are 
as important to him as they are to the majority of men. 
The writer recently called at a farm about 4.30 in the 
evening. The farmer was busy with the installation and 
testing of a gasoline en- 
gine which he had just 
purchased for running 
the ice machine con- 
nected with his refriger- 
ator. In the same build- 
ing his daughters (one 
of them is a graduate of 
a good high school, and 
expects to go to college 
next September) were 
running the centrifugal 
machine with which this 
farmer separates milk 
from cream. Comment 
is quite unnecessary. 

During the last ten 
years there has been an 
increase of six per cent 
in the number of farms 
in the state. The following table gives the statistics of 
the principal crops as presented in the census of 1900 : — 




Fig. 20. 
Separatino- cream from milk with centrif- 
ugal macliine. The machine is the 
small hlack ohject under left arm of 
f.an. Cream passes over cold pipes on 
left, and milk over those on right. 



Crops 


Value 


Crops 


Value 


Hay and forage 


!$37,514,77n 


Orchard fruits . . 


!i!<7,976,464 


Corn 


21,896,795 


Forest products 


6,481,181 


Wheat 


i:i,712,97(; 


Miscellaneous vege- 




Oats 


11,09:5,89:5 


tables .... 


6,088,214 


Potatoes (white) . 


9, :3 97 ,054 







32 PENNSYLVANIA 

The most important crops included in "miscellaneous 
vegetables," in the order of their acreage, are sweet corn, 
cabbages, tomatoes, turnips, cantaloupes, cucumbers, water- 
melons, asparagus, and celery. How many of these are 
raised in your vicinity? In Pennsylvania the apple is the 
chief orchard fruit. Are there many raised in your county? 
What varieties ? Can you tell wheat from oats as they 
grow in the field ? How? How many bushels of wheat 
per acre are considered a good crop ? Oats ? Corn ? Pota- 
toes? Are there any valuable forest products in your 
vicinity? To what uses are they put? 

The value of the milk, butter, and cheese, as shown by 
the census for 1900, was nearly 136,000,000. Boys who 
are trying to make money raising chickens will be glad to 
know that the eggs and poultry, by the same census, were 
worth over -f 16,000,000 — only *2,000,000 less than the 
wonderful petroleum. 

The Coal Industry. — Should the world be suddenly de- 
prived of its supply of coal, what a blow it would be to 
our civilization ! There Avould l)e no gas to illuminate 
our streets or our houses ; the thousands upon thousands 
of steam-engines that are to-day producing so many of the 
necessities of civilized life would stand idle; our mag- 
nificent railroads would fall into decay ; and our palatial 
ocean steamers would rot at their wharves. 

About the year 1240 a considerable amount of coal was 
burned in London, but it made so much black smoke that 
the people thought it })oisoned the air. They therefore 
appealed to Parliament, asking that body to prohibit its 
use. In response. Parliament passed a law making the 
burning of coal a crime punishable by death. 

Although coal has been used, in small quantities, as fuel 



INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 83 

for many hundreds of years, it was not until the eighteenth 
century that the scientific mining of coal was begun. 
Prior to this the mines were shallow, rarely going below 
water-level, and the coal was raised to the surface by very 
simple means. 

It was in the bituminous coal field in the vicinity of 
Richmond, Va., that the first systematic mining was done 
in this country. During the AVar for Independence the 
coal mined there was, among other uses, employed in the 
manufacture of cannon-balls and other war material. 

Anthracite coal was first discovered in the Wyoming 
valley, Pennsylvania. This discovery was made in 1768 
by two blacksmitlis, named Gore, who used the coal in 
tlieir forge. At that time, however, no one thought of 
burning anthracite in an ordinary stove or open grate. It 
was believed that its combustion depended upon the blast 
of air driven through it l)y the blacksmith's liellows. 

In 1776 anthracite coal was transported to Carlisle for 
the Continental xVrmy. It was taken to Harrisburg in 
boats, and from there luuded in wagons. This was the 
first shipment of antliracite ever made in this country. 

In 1803 two flat-bottomed boats, or arks, as they were 
then called, loaded with Lehigh anthracite, were floated 
from jNIauch Chunk to Philadelphia. They carried about 
two hundred tons. Five arks were started on this dan- 
gerous journey, but three were wrecked long before they 
reached their destination. The coal that went to the bot- 
tom of the river, however, did not meet a worse fate than 
that which reached Philadelphia, for no one could make it 
burn, and it was pronounced worthless. 

In 1812, Colonel George Shoemaker, of Pottsville, hauled 
nine wagon-loads of coal to Philadelphia. He sold two 



34 PENNS YL VAN I A 

loads, but gave the other seven away. He was looked 
upon as a rascal who was attempting to sell black stones 
for coal, and he was obliged to hurry out of the city to 
avoid arrest. 

However, the two loads sold by Colonel Shoemaker 
were bought by Messrs. White and Hazard, who were 
operating wire-works at the Falls of Schuylkill. Mr. 
White and his firemen, after spending a full half-day 
poking, raking, and fanning the fire, closed the furnace 
doors at noon in disgust and went to dinner. Returning 
in the afternoon, they were amazed to find the furnace 
doors red-hot and the furnace in danger of melting. These 
manufacturers thus learned that poking and raking do 
more harm than good when you are starting a fire with 
anthracite. They learned also that " stove coal " will make 
a very hot fire, and that, too, without artificial blast. This 
was an object lesson that meant much for the future. of 
coal. 

About ten years before this, Judge Jesse Fell of Wilkes- 
barre had succeeded in using anthracite in an open grate, 
but the importance of his discovery was not generally 
understood. 

The mining of anthracite upon a commercial scale be- 
gan in 1820, when 365 tons were shipped from the Lehigh 
region to Philadelphia. This was at tlie rate of one ton 
per day. In 1000 Pennsylvania mined 51,000,000 tons 
of anthracite, — about 140,000 tons per day, — and in ad- 
dition she mined 71,000,000 tons of bituminous coal, or 
122,000,000 tons in all. 

The entire coal output of the whole United States for 
the year 1900 was 240,965,917 tons. It will be seen, 
therefore, that the single state of Pennsylvania furnished 



INDUSTBIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 35 

more than one-half the whole amount. During the last 
twenty-one years Pennsylvania has averaged 55 per cent 
of the total output in the United States. 

A little illustration will help us to understand what an 
enormous mass of coal is represented by the figures just 
given. From Philadelphia to Pittsburg the distance is, 
following the tracks of the Pennsylvania railroad, 35^4 
miles. If the anthracite mined in Pennsylvania during 
the year 1900 were dumped evenly along one side of the 
tracks, all the way from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, it 
would make a wall 41 feet high and 41 feet wide. From 
the windows of your car, your only chance to see over the 
great walls and catch a glimpse of the green fields beyond 
would be when crossing a bridge, or when running along 
some high embankment. 

What an amazing growth since 1820 ! Wliat a change 
since the days of 1240 ! 

When men first began to use coal, it did not require 
much knowledge or skill to obtain it. The coal was on 
or near the surface, and a pick and shovel were all that 
were required. As the demand for coal increased, and the 
beds were followed into the earth, coal-mining grew more 
and more difficult. As soon as the mines attained any 
considerable depth, serious obstacles were encountered. 
Water came into the mines ; this must be pumped out. 
The air was foul ; the mines must be ventilated. The 
coal is deep down in the earth; powerful and expensive 
hoisting engines were needed to lift it to the surface. 
The passageways and chambers of the mine were in dan- 
ger of caving in ; they had to be supported by timbers. 
It was not always easy to tell where coal was and where 
it was not ; the geologist was called in to settle that im- 



ae 



PENNSYLVANIA 



portant question. Thus, to-day, coal-mining has become 
an industry which demands of those who superintend it 
scientific and mechanical talent of a high order ; of those 
who work in the mines, skilled hands and brave hearts. 

The beds of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania are noted 
for their regularity and their nearly horizontal position. 
The anthracite, however, is found at all angles to the hori- 




Fic. 21. 
Coal stripping near Hazleton, Pa. 

zon, having been tilted from the horizontal since the coal 
was formed. For this reason, among others, the engineer- 
ing skill required to mine anthracite is much greater than 
that needed to mine bituminous coal. 

While most coal-mining operations of to-day are carried 
on far beneath tlie surface, it should be remembered that 
in a few favored localities anthracite is mined in the full 
glare of the sun. These favorable conditions are found 



IWnUSTBIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 37 

in the vicinity of Hazleton and a few other phices. In 
tiiese favored spots, beds of anthracite with only a thin 
covering of earth upon them are found. Under such cir- 
cumstances the thin covering of earth is stripped off, and 
the coal is then mined in the full light of day. Such 
operations are called " mining by stripping." '■'■ Stripping," 
however, is so rare that it is regarded as a curiosity. 

Ordinarily, the beds of coal are reached either by slope 
or by shaft. We shall first explain how coal is mined by 
means of a slope. . 

We have said that beds of anthracite generally rest in 
an inclined position. These inclined beds often reach the 
surface. Having found the line along which the anthra- 
cite comes to the surface, the mining engineer excavates 
a passage right down through the coal. Such a passage 
is called a slope. The pitch of the slope is just the same as 
that of the coal-bed, and may be steep or gentle. Slopes 
are generally made from 16 to 22 feet wide and 7 feet high 
— a pretty big hole in the ground. The slope is commonly 
divided into three compartments, — two of large size for 
raising coal, and a small one for the pumping apparatus. 

Now, at the outset, it must be understood that it is not 
safe to mine out all the coal in a bed. If this were done 
the roof of the mine would fall in, and that would be the 
end of the mine. Tlie open spaces made by taking out 
coal are called breasts, or chamhers, and the long walls of 
undisturbed coal that are left between the breasts to sup- 
port the roof are called pillars. Pillar does not seem to 
be a very good name for what is really a wall, but it is 
not easy to change old names. The breasts are usuall}^ 
about 30 feet wide, and the pillars 20. The height of the 
breast depends upon the thickness of the coal-bed. 



38 PENNSYL VA NIA 

The accompanying diagrams will make this kind of 
mining easily understood. 

From the bottom of the sIojdc you see a passage extend- 
ing to the right and left. Such a passage is called a gang- 
way. It is about 8 feet high and 10 feet wide. On each 
side of the slope and gangway you will notice heavy walls 
of coal. These walls are left to prevent the coal from cav- 
ing in and destroying these important passages. Indeed, 




Fig. 22. 
I. Breasts and pillars. 

the pillars themselves have, as a rule, to be supported by 
very strong timbering, the nature of which may be seen in 
Fig. 22, II. 

The light spaces are the breasts from which the miners 
have taken the coal ; the dark spaces are pillars. As the 
miner loosens the coal in the breasts, it runs down by its 
own weight to the gangway, where it is received in cars 
and drawn by mules to the foot of the slope. From this 
point it is drawn up the slope by a hoisting engine located 
at the surface. 



INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 39 

The arrows show the directions taken by the air currents 
forced through the mine by a powerful ventilating fan. The 
air travels to the end of the gangway, then enters the most re- 
mote breast, passes up one side of it through an airway con- 
structed for that purpose, crosses the front of the breast where 
the miners are at work, goes down the other side, passes through 
a small opening in the pillar, crosses the front of the next breast, 
and so on until finally, having done its work, it escapes through 
the airway. 




Fig. 22. 
II. Gangway. 

The first gangway is usually driven about 300 feet from 
the surface. The coal above this is called a lift. When 
one lift has been mined, the slope is driven down about 
300 feet farther, another gangway is constructed, and the 
next lift is mined. 

There are two good reasons for commencing at the gang- 
way and working upward upon the bed. (1) If the miner 
should begin at the top and work down the bed, separate 



40 PENNSYLVANIA 

pumping and hoisting apparatus would be needed for each 
breast. (2) By commencing at the top the miner woukl 
be compelled to handle the coal more or less. Beginning 
at the bottom, the coal runs down the breast and into the 
car standing in the gangway. 

The chief difference between a shaft and a slope is that 
the former descends vertically into the earth, while the 
latter does not. Shafts vary in size ; but 12 feet x 30 
feet may be taken as average dimensions for the mouth, 
and they frequently descend to great depths. One at 
Pottsville, Schuylkill County, is 1600 feet (nearly one- 
third of a mile) deep. To sink such a shaft costs years 
of time and much money. You may be certain it is not 
located in a haphazard manner. This is a problem for the 
scientific engineer. 

When the shaft reaches the coal, the gangway is driven 
to the right and the left, and the work of mining is prac- 
tically the same as it is when the coal is reached by a slope. 
Gangways fi-equently extend for several miles from the 
foot of the shaft or slope. 

Because of the dust, mining coal is dirty work. When 
a miner has finished a day's work, he is very black. Then, 
too, a miner's life is a laborious one, and is full of danger. 
Powder must be used to blast out the coal, and there is 
always danger in powder. Roof-falls are also fruitful 
sources of accidents. Then there is the fire damp, an ex- 
plosive gas that is very dangerous. H. M. Chance, in his 
" Coal Mining," Pennsylvania Second Geological Survey, 
estimates that one life is lost for each 100,000 tons mined. 

Anthracite coal as it comes from the mines is not ready 
for our stoves and furnaces. It is full of " slate " and 
other impurities that must be removed. Then, too, it 



INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 



41 



must be broken and assorted into grades of nearly uniform 
size. All this work is done in a large, high building 
called a breaker^ which is placed near the mouth of the 
mine. Breakers are expensive, a good one, including 
machinery, costing about ?|100,000. This expense is not 
incurred in mining bituminous coal, for it is so soft that a 
breaker is umiecessary. 




Fig. 23. 

Coal breaker at Drifton, near Hazleton, Pa. Notice the little mountain of 
culm in the backsrround. 



When a car of anthracite comes from the mine, it is at once 
run to the breaker and dumped into a chute formed of par- 
allel bars of iron, placed about four inches apart. The small 
coal, dirt, and pieces of rock are screened out, but the large 
pieces of coal pass on to a machine, the essential parts of which 
are sets of strong rollers with projecting teeth. This machine 
breaks up the coal, and like the building in which it is located, 
it, too, is called a breaker. 

After passing through the machine, the coal is thoroughly 
screened so that each size — broken, e^g, large stove, small 
stove, etc. — is kept by itself. While passing along the chutes 
to the pockets from which the coal is drawn off into the cars 



42 



PENNS YL VA NIA 



for shipment, boys, and old men who are too feeble to perform 
hard labor, pick out the slate. 




Fig. 24. 

Fit'teeu hundred tons of coal on way from mines of Coxe Brothers to Perth 

Amboy. The scenery here is characteristic of the coal regions. 

The slate picker commonly sits astride the chute on a 
board seat, keeps his eyes on the moving stream of slate and 

coal, and dexterously seiz- 
ing the former, throws it 
out. The " breaker boy " 
is an interesting charac- 
ter about the mines. His 
work, though not labori- 
ous, is dirty and monoto- 
nous. The dust in a coal 
breaker is often so dense 
that lamps must be used 
at midday. 

Some machines have 
„ . , , .'"■, ''' . , ,^ been invented to pick the 

Spirals or nieclianical slate pickers. (By ^ 

courtesy of the North American.) slate, but they have not 




INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 



43 



yet displaced the boys to any great extent. Quite recently a 
mechanical slate picker, called a spiral, has been constructed 
for the purpose of replacing the hands and eyes of the breaker 
boy. The spiral works upon the principle of centrifugal force. 
Coal and slate start down the spiral together, but since the 
coal is lighter than 
the slate, the former is 
thrown farther from 
the centre than the 
latter, and thus are 
they separated. 

Iron and Steel In- 
dustry. — In the 
manufacture of iron 
and steel, Pennsyl- 
vania leads the 
world. Within her 
borders in 1900 were 
291 establishments 
producing iron and 
steel, and giving 
employment to an 
army of 110,861 
wage-earners. The 
products of the blast 
furnaces, rolling 
mills, and steel 
works for this one 
year were valued at 
$434,445,200,-23.7 per cent of the total products of the 
state, and more than three and a half times the value of 
all the gold and silver yielded by the mines of the United 
States in 1900. Of all the iron and steel produced in the 




Fig. 26. 

Real Estate Trust Company building, Broad and 

Chestnut streets, Philadelphia. 



44 



PENNS YL VANIA 




Fig. 27. 

Pennsylvania railroad bridge over the Delaivare River, Philadelphia. A 

bridge remarkable for weight and strength. 

United States during the year 1900 Pennsylvania pro- 
duced more than one half, — 54 per cent. 

Not only are steel and iron extracted from the ore with- 
in the state, but her manufacturers and engineers use these 




Fig. 28. 
The Atbara River Bridge. 



in the construction of ships, bridges, locomotives, electrical 
apparatus, cars, sky-scraping buildings, and a thousand 
other thinofs. 



INDUSTBIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 



45 



One or two illustrations will show how the world prizes 
steel and engineering skill from Pennsylvania. The steel 
bridge over the Atbara River in the Soudan, Africa, is a 
fine exemplification of the triumphs of American industry 
and engineering. The celerity with which this bridge 
was manufactured and shipped from the Pencoyd Works 
of the American Bridge Company at Philadelphia is a fact 
well known in two continents, the whole time spent on 




Fig. 29. 
Drawing-room, Baldwin's Locomotive Works. 

the contract amounting to about one-sixth of that re- 
quested by some of the competing English firms. Our 
success in this matter " took away the breath " of our 
English cousins. The Hawkesbury River Bridge iii Aus- 
tralia is another illustration of how Pennsylvania steel in 
the form of bridges is finding its way around the world. 

Locomotives, too, from Baldwin's great works in Phila- 
delphia, where nine thousand employees turn out four 
locomotives a day, are found in all parts of the world. 



46 PENNSYLVANIA 

When any nation needs the finest steel ships, she comes 
to Cramp's yards, Philadelphia. These are the merest 
hints of the magnitude and importance of Pennsylvania's 
iron and steel industry. 

The first successful attempt to manufacture iron in 
Pennsylvania, of which we have any record, was made by 
Thomas Rutter in 1716, at Pool Forge on Manatawny 
Creek, about three miles above Pottstown. Although 
Pennsylvania was not the first colony to manufacture iron, 
the industry was well established here long before the 
Revolution. As early as 1756 Pennsylvania was declared 
to be " the most advanced of all the American colonies in 
regard to its iron works." 

While Pennsylvania takes first place in the manufacture 
of steel and iron, she takes fifth rank in the production of 
iron ore. Michigan and Minnesota are to-day the great 
producers of the raw material ; but since they do not have 
the coal for reducing the ore, they send most of it to Penn- 
sylvania for that purpose. With the opening of the Sault 
Ste. Marie Canal, in 1855, began the trade in Lake Su- 
perior iron ore, which has to-day assumed such vast pro- 
portions. One Pennsylvania steel company has recently 
built its own railroad, connecting its works at Pittsburg 
with Lake Erie. 

Eastern Pennsylvania was at first the principal seat of 
the iron industry in the state. Here were the immense 
deposits of fine magnetic iron ore in the Cornwall hills 
near Lebanon. Up to 1840 charcoal was the fuel used in 
the iron furnaces, and this could be procured anywhere 
in abundance. But about this time anthracite coal was 
largely substituted for charcoal, and for years was much 
more important in the manufacture of iron than bitumi- 



INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 



47 



nous coal. Since 1875, however, this relation has been 
reversed. Coke is now the chief fuel in the production of 
pig iron. The change from charcoal and anthracite to 
coke, the presence of natural gas in the western part of 
the state, and the cheap transportation for the fine Lake 
Superior ores, are causes which have shifted the centre 
of the iron industry to 
Pittsburg and its vicin- 
ity. 

Not only has the fuel 
changed with the pas- 
sage of the years, but 
there have been vast 
improvements in other 
directions. One of the 
most recent is the new 
method of casting the 
"pigs." Formerly, when 
the furnace was tapped, 
the molten iron was run 
out into a great network 
of sand moulds. Hav- 
ing cooled here, the 
iron was broken up into 
pieces of suitable size, 
and after much lifting, 
wheeling, and carrying, 
the " pigs " were depos- 
ited in cars ready for shipment. Now, by the latest and 
best method, the iron runs from the furnace into cars of 
peculiar construction. These cars are called ladles, and 
are each capable of holding about eighteen tons of melted 




A modern blast furnace, "The Warwick," 
Pottstown, Pa. Capacity 500 tons every 
24 hours. Ore, fuel, and flux are carried 
up the inclined plane on the riijht. Draft 
chimney on left, 220 feet high. The 
four enormous cylinders next to the 
chimney are the " hot blast stoves." 



48 



PENNS YL VA NIA 



iron. The ladles are at once run to the casting machine, 
which consists, essentially, of a series of cast-iron moulds 




Fig. 31. 
Iron runuiug from furuace into " ladle." 

attached to an endless chain. As the moulds move slowly 
beneath the mouth of the tilted ladle, the iron runs into 
them. The " pigs " soon solidify, and when the chain. 




View of the "castinji- niacliiiie." In the background at the right the liquid 
iron is seen running into the moulds. In the foreground is the cold water 
tank. On the left is a car waiting for the " pigs." 

reaching the farther end of the casting machine, inverts 
the moulds, the "pigs," still very hot, but no longer liquid. 



INDUSTBIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 



49 



drop upon another endless chain which carries them first 
slowly through a tank of cold water, and then up an 
incline from which they 
slide down into the car 
waiting to receive them. 
It will be seen that 
the "i)igs" have not 
been touched by a man. 
All the work has been 
done by steam and grav- 
ity. The " pigs " weigh 
about 125 pounds each, 
and are free from the 
sand which adhered to 
the old-fashioned pig iron. Those who live in the vicinity 
of a modern iron furnace may, by day and by night, hear 
the clatter of the " pigs " as they drop into the car. 




Fig. 33. 

Interior view of " ladle." It is lined with 

fire-brick. 



■flnfc 





Fig. .34. 

Nearer view of inclined plane, which carries " pigs " to car. One " pig " is 
seen dropping into car. 



50 PENNS YL VANIA 

Textile Industry. — The manufacture of textiles stands 
next to steel and iron in importance. In 1900 there were 
in Pennsylvania 1102 establishments engaged in the manu- 
facture of textiles. More than 100,000 wage-earners were 
employed in these plants, and the value of the products 
was, in round numbers, $159,000,000. 

Silk. — Of the several branches included in the textile 
industry, the manufacture of silk stands first in the value 
of products. In 1880 Pennsylvania stood fifth in the 
United States in the value of silk produced ; in 1900 she 
ranked second, producing 29 per cent of all the silk pro- 
duced in this country. Any observing traveller in Penn- 
sylvania must have been impressed with the large number 
of silk mills that have been erected recently. Philadel- 
phia, Scranton, Allentown, and Easton are leaders in the 
manufacture of silk. In 1900, however, there were sev- 
enty-two towns and cities in Pennsylvania which were 
engaged in this industry. 

Cotton. — The manufacture of cotton goods is carried on 
most extensively in Philadelphia and Chester. Wilkes- 
barre, however, has the honor of introducing the manu- 
facture of " Nottingham lace " into the state. This she 
did in 1886. Between 1891 and 1896, plants for the 
manufacture of this lace were built in Philadelphia, Scran- 
ton, and Columbia. In 1899 the Wilkesbarre plant manu- 
factured nearly 900,000 pairs of Nottingham curtains. In 
1899 there were only nine lace plants in the United States, 
and of this number Pennsylvania had seven. 

Woollen Goods. — Pennsylvania ranks second in the manu- 
facture of woollen goods. This industry was early estab- 
lished by English settlers on the banks of the Scliuylkill, 
and in the year 1900 the industry was carried on almost 



INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 61 

entirely in the city of Philadelphia. The woollen mills 
of this city excel in a number of products, but they are 
especially famed for their women's dress goods. Indeed, 
no city in America pretends to compete with Philadelphia 
in this particular. 

Nearly one-half (48 per cent) of all the carpet manu- 
factured in the United States is made in Philadelphia. 
Before the Revolution carpets were rarely seen in this 
country ; to-day they are found in almost every home. 
When we understand that cutting and sewing the rags, 
and preparing the warp for fifty yards of rag carpet, cost 
a woman four or five months of hard work, we are not 
surprised to learn that many of our grandparents were 
well satisfied to eat and sleep in rooms with bare floors. 
A Philadelphia power loom, costing about 1450, will to-day 
weave fifty yards of Brussels carpet in a single day of ten 
hours. In a single room you may see scores of such looms 
at work at once. 

Messrs. John and James Dobson, of Philadelphia, em- 
ploy 5300 persons in the manufacture of carpet. To run 
the machinery of this plant requires 100 tons of coal each 
day. These manufacturers even make their own looms, 
some of which, weaving rugs three yards wide, are worth 
$1000 each. The wool used is imported from northern 
Europe and other cold countries, because wool grown in a 
cold climate is best adapted to the manufacture of carpet. 
Measuring machines, working with great celerity and accu- 
racy, measure the miles upon miles of carpet that are here 
produced. 

Leather Industry. — In the tanning, currying, and finish- 
ing of leather Pennsylvania takes first rank in the United 
States. The magnitude of this industry appears when we 



52 



PENNSYLVANIA 



learn that it stands fourth in the manufacturing industries 
of the state (steel and iron, textiles, and foundry and ma- 
chine-shop products occupying the first three places), and 
that its annual products are worth over 155,000,000. 

Philadelphia is a great centre for this industry. Tioga, 
Elk, Potter, and Clearfield counties are the other most im- 
portant centres. The 
Cowanesque Tan- 
nery, Tioga County, 
uses annually in the 
manufacture of sole 
leather 7000 tons of 
hemlock bark. A 
ton of bark will tan 
about 400 pounds of 
sole leather. The 
whole world is called 
upon to supply the 
hides that are needed 
by the manufactur- 
ers of the state. 

Refining Sugar. — 
In Pennsylvania this 
industry is confined 
to Pliiladelphia, l)e- 
cause tlie raw sugar 
Aiiiuii^' the iiLiniocks, Suiiu ui County, Pa couies by water froni 

the West Indies, the East Indies, and otlier sources. In 1900 
there were in Philadelphia seven establishments engaged 
in refining sugar and molasses. The value of the prod- 
ucts was over 136,000,000. The great tall refineries along 
the Delaware must attract the attention of any visitor. 




Fig 



INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 



53 




Fig. 36. 
Hemlock bark, Cowanesque Tannery, Tioga County, Pa. 

If you are fortunate enough to have a pass admitting 
you to one of these refineries, you will get an indelible 
impression of the importance and the magnitude of these 
truly wonderful places. You will see enormous storage 
sheds filled with the muscovado, or raw sugar. Here you 
will see little electric engines busy as bees, some taking 
muscovado in, and others bringing it out to be refined. 
You will see two men, each with a sharp knife in his hand, 
standing over a grating in the floor. Quickly, two men, 
each with a big bag of muscovado on a truck, rush to the 
opening in the floor and throw the bags from the truck to 
the grating. Like a flash the men with knives rip the 
bags open from end to end, and their contents, falling be- 
tween the bars into an enormous vat of hot water, are soon 
reduced to the liquid form. A group of men with trucks 
keep the men with knives busy, and thus the work of 
liquefying the muscovado goes on with a rush. 



54 PENNSYLVANIA 

Powerful pumps now force this sweet liquid to the high- 
est story of the lofty building. Here it runs into hun- 
dreds of stout linen bags hanging in a vertical position. 
The liquid passes through the bags, but flies, bees, sticks, 
and many other foreign substances are left behind. Now 
the yellow liquid, looking like river water after a rain, is 
filtered through bone-black, or charred bone. This bone- 
black is placed in great cylindrical vessels about twenty 
feet in height and several feet in diameter. One of these 
cylinders will hold fifty tons of bone-black, and a single 
refinery may use a hundred or more of them. When the 
liquid sugar runs out at the base of one of these gigantic 
cylinders, it is as clear as the purest spring water, and is 
ready for the vacuum pan. Here it is boiled in a partial 
vacuum, because such boiling is not only cheaper than 
boiling under atmospheric pressure, but it produces a much 
finer grade of sugar. 

From the vacuum pan, the sugar, in the form of thick 
paste, passes down to the next floor where the wonderful 
centrifugal machines receive it. These machines, making 
about 1400 revolutions a minute, quickly fling out the 
syrup which is mixed with the sugar, and the latter is 
then allowed to drop to the floor below, whence, by means 
of belts, it is carried to the warehouse, in which it is finally 
packed for market. The syrup thrown out by the centrif- 
ugal machines is, you may be sure, not lost. It is converted 
into molasses. A sugar refinery, like a blast furnace, runs 
night and day. The largest establishments refine several 
thousand barrels every day. 

Petroleum.^ — Within the memory of men not fifty years 
old, petroleum has passed from a medicinal curiosity to a 

1 From petra, a rock, and oleum, oil., or rock oil. 




Olt AND GAS FIELDS OP WESXEBN PEANSYIiVAMA. 



INDUSTBIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 



55 



product of supreme importance. When tlie " forty-niners" 
rushed pell-mell to C-alifornia for gold, they unconsciously 
left behind them, under the mighty rock masses of the 
Appalachians, something more valuable — petroleum. 

In 1859 Edwin L. Drake, generally called Colonel 
Drake, struck oil on '* Watson's Flats," just below Titus- 
ville in Crawford County. As 
a curiosity, which with much 
trouble might be gathered in 
small quantities, petroleum had 
been known for hundreds of 
years. Indeed, it was found on 
the shores of the Dead Sea 
1700 B.C., and it was not un- 
known to the early Egyptians. 
Colonel Drake, however, was 
the first man, at least in modern 
times, to drill a well for oil. 

You may be certain there 
were many persons in 1859 who 
regarded Colonel Drake very 
much as the courts of Europe looked upon Columbus 
when he tried to convince them that the world is round. 
Columbus was regarded as a crazy adventurer ; so, too, 
was Colonel Drake. But E. L. Drake had a will not 
unlike that which dwelt in Columbus, in Napoleon, in 
Grant. Amidst struggles and discouragements that would 
have overwhelmed ordinary men, Colonel Drake kept the 
steel chisel of his drill at work. 

At last, on Saturday afternoon, August 28, 1859, came 
the cry of " Oil ! oil ! " Then those who had ridiculed the 
colonel, those who had said he was throwing good money 



lf%^^T''' 


': "7 


''''■ i 





Fig. 37. 
Edwiu L. Drake. 



56 



PENNS YL VANIA 



into a mere hole in the ground, made a mad rush to put 
some of their money into holes just like his. This was 
the beginning of an industry which has done so much for 
the comfort and convenience of modern civilization^ and 
which is adding untold millions to the wealth of the world. 
Before Colonel Drake taught the world how to obtain 
oil in large quantities, it was laboriously collected in a 
small way. Here and there the oil was seen floating on 




Wiggin's Hotel. Shows crowd of pumpers, drillers, and te<amsters waiting for 
dinner. No complaints of " bard times " here. 

water, from the surface of whicli it was absorbed by 
blankets. These, when wrung out, would furnish clear 
oil. By this primitive method, employed by the Indians 
and the early white settlers, one might, perhaps, in a 
month, collect a barrel of oil. The Seneca Indians col- 
lected the oil in this way, and hence petroleum in its 
earlier history was known as " Seneca Oil." Applying 
the oil externally, the Indians used it for headache, tooth- 
ache, and rheumatism. 



INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 



57 



As early as 1845 petroleum was used as a lubricant, as 
a medicine for both man and beast, and last, but not least, 
as a source of light. The world was sadly in need of 
something better than the tallow candle and snuffers, and 
this need was filled by kerosene and the modern lamp. 

In the early days of the industry petroleum was trans- 
ported in strong barrels made of oak hooped with iron. 
When this method became too slow, flat cars carrying two 
huge wooden tubs were used. After the wooden tubs 
came the great cylindrical cars, holding about 5000 
gallons each, with which many school children are familiar. 




Pumping station, Titusville, Pa. 

But the time soon came when even these cars were not 
equal to the work to be done. Then it was that the 
American engineers taught the world how to transport 
petroleum. It must, they said, be pumped through pipes 
— an idea that challenged the admiration of the world. 

In 1862 a bill authorizing the construction of a line from 
Oil Creek to Kittanning was introduced at Harrisburg, 
but the active opposition of those engaged in teaming oil 



58 PENN8 YL VA NIA 

prevented its passage. The first successful pipe line was 
put down at Titusville. It was only four miles long, and 
carried only eighty barrels of oil per day, but it demon- 
strated the possibility of transporting oil in this manner. 
In spite of opposition from the owners and drivers of oil 
wagons, other lines followed. The opponents of the pipe 
line, however, were bitter and determined. They cut the 
lines, set fire to the tanks, and even threatened the lives 
of the pipe-line men. How ignorance stands out against 
progress is an old, old story, and one that will probably 
never end. 

The growth of pipe lines was slow. At first oil was 
pumped only to refineries in the oil regions. But after 
a time enthusiasm arose, and men began to talk boldly 
about pumping oil to the seaboard. Wonderful as this 
seemed a few years ago, it is now regarded as a matter of 
course. To-day the trunk pipe lines carrying Pennsyl- 
vania petroleum are thousands of miles in length. The 
pipe used in these great lines must be very strong. It is 
tested, therefore, to withstand a pressure of 1000 pounds 
to the square inch. 

At each pumping station there are two or more storage 
tanks of from 30,000 to 50,000 barrels capacity. While 
oil is being received in one tank, it is being pumped for- 
ward from the other. Pumping stations are located thirty 
miles or more apart. To provide against accidents, and 
to give opportunity for repairs, duplicate engines are sup- 
plied to each station. Night and day, summer and winter, 
over mountain and across river, these engines force for- 
ward a stream of oil to the distant refineries. 

To locate these refineries properly requires good judg- 
ment. A mistake in this matter would be fatal. If the 



INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 59 

oil is intended for export, the refinery must be situated 
so that large sea-going vessels may receive their cargoes 
at wharves immediately adjacent to the works. Tliere 
must also be railroad facilities, even when the oil comes 
through a pipe line, for securing coal and other supplies. 
The great refining centres in Pennsylvania are Point 
Breeze and Thurlow. Companies refining petroleum, and 
those manufacturing sulphuric acid and fertilizers, find 




Fig. 40. 
Pumping engine in tlie station at Titnsville, Pa. 

it to their mutual advantage to be located in the same 
vicinity. The latter purchase from the former, and use 
in the manufacture of phosphate the great quantities of 
refuse acid discharged from the refineries daily. 

During the year 1900 Pennsylvania produced 13,258,302 
barrels of crude petroleum. These figures represent an 
amount so great that it cannot be grasped by the mind 
without the aid of illustration. This quantity of petro- 
leum would fill 10,312 ordinary schoolrooms ; and these 



60 



PENNS TL VA NIA 



rooms, placed end to end, would extend fifty-eight miles. 
If this petroleum were placed in a cylindrical pipe three 
feet in diameter, the pipe would have to be 2017 miles 




Fig. 41. 

Petroleum Centre, Venango County, Pa. A typical scene in the oil I'egions. 
How many wells can you count? 

long ; and if the pipe were only three inches in diameter, 
it would be long enough to extend from the earth to the 
moon. 

Natural Gas. — Natural gas is generally found associated 
with petroleum, and is a remarkably convenient and valu- 
able fuel for the manufacture of glass, iron, and steel. It 
is easily distributed in pipes to places many miles away. 
It requires no shovelling, and there are neither cinders nor 
ashes. In Pennsylvania in 1899 fifty rolling mills and 



INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 61 

steel Works, seventy-five glass works, and over a thousand 
other establishments were using this unrivalled fuel. 

The natural gas produced in the state during the year 
1900 was worth about 19,000,000. The petroleum for the 
same period was worth §18,088,016. The two were 
together worth almost as much as Colorado's gold for that 
year. 

The Coke Industry. — Pennsylvania ranks first in tliis 
industry. In the year 1900 she produced 62.6 per cent 
of all the coke manufactured in the United States. It 
was worth over !ii^22,000,000. Most of this coke is pro- 
duced in the vicinity of Connelsville, Fayette County, 
and is known as Connelsville coke — the finest in the 
world. 

Coke is made by burning bituminous coal in ovens or 
retorts, and thus removing the volatile constituents. Its 
chief use to-day is as a fuel in the blast furnace. 

The Glass Industry. — Pennsylvania also leads in tlie 
production of glass. The glass which she manufactured 
in 1900 was worth almost exactly the same as her coke, 
and more than three times as much as the glass produced 
by any other state. Pennsylvania, indeed, has commenced 
to export glass to Europe, South America, Canada, Aus- 
tralia, and New Zealand. The industry is most extensively 
carried on in the western part of the state, not only be 
cause the best fuel, natural gas, is there, but because 
some of the best glass sand in the world is also there. 
Then, too, as if nature were determined that nothing- 
should be wanting, there is an abundance of excellent fire- 
clay suitable for glass furnaces found in western Pennsyl- 
vania and eastern Ohio. 



62 



PENNS YL VA NIA 



CITIES AND TOWNS 

In Pennsylvania there are 833 incorporated cities and 
boroughs. Of this number, 160 have each a popuhition of 
more than 3000. For list of these, see table in Appendix. 
Referring to the proper table in the Appendix, see how 
many cities in Pennsylvania have more than 25,000 in- 
habitants. How many have over 100,000 ? How many 
have over 1,000,000 ? 

Philadelphia, famed for her schools, colleges, libra- 
ries, hospitals, asylums, and scientific societies, is one of 



p.-^.'' 




St- 




1 


■ *s:b"' 




Fig. 42. 
Market Street, Pliihulelphia, Pa. 



the greatest cities of the world. It is 23 miles long 
and, on the average, 5| miles wide. The population 
in 1900 was 1,293,697 — just about one-fifth of the entire 
population of the state. It is sometimes called the " City 



CITIES AND TOWNS 



63 



of Homes," because so many of her people live in their 
own houses. Her citizens are not crowded into " flats," 
but they live in rooms that open to the outer air and the 
health-giving sunshine. In this we find a partial ex- 
planation of the fact that 
Philadelphia's death- 
rate is one of the lowest 
to be found in large 
cities. 

The New City Hall. — 
That imposing struc- 
ture, the City Hall, built 
of fine Massachusetts 
marble, stands on the 
very spot selected by 
Penn himself in 1681 
for the future " town 
hall." More than a quar- 
ter of a century of time, 
and nearly twenty-five 
millions of dollars were 
consumed in its erec- 
tion. It covers an area of four and one-half acres, and 
the total area of the floor space is fourteen and a half 
acres. It is one of the largest and finest public buildings 
in America. 

The tower, the highest in the world, lifts the hat of 
William Penn, whose statue crowns it, 547 feet 11^ inches 
above the ground. As you walk or ride around this 
magnificent pile, you cannot fail to observe two fine 
equestrian statues : the one is that of General George B. 
McClellan, the other that of General John F. Reynolds. 




Fig. 43. 
The new City Hall. 



64 PENNS YL VA NIA 

Here, too, you will see a statue of that genuine philan- 
thropist, Stephen Girarcl. 

Falrmount Park. — Philadelphians are naturally, and 
justly, proud of their celebrated pai'k. For years it has 
been growing both in size and beauty. It now contains 
3353 acres, and, with one exception, the Prater in Vienna, 
Austria, is the largest city park in the world. The fame 
of Fairmount Park rests upon its natural beauty, but 
many noble and instructive works of art are also found 
here. As you drive through the park you come unex- 
pectedly ujjon beautiful and imposing statues of Washing- 
ton, Lincoln, Grant, Meade, Humboldt, Columbus, and 
other great men. On Lemon hill you will see the fine 
old mansion where Robert Morris once lived and enter- 
tained such men as Franklin, Washington, and Lafayette. 
Still standing along tlie Wissahickon may be seen the 
house where David Rittenhouse, Pennsylvania's famous 
astronomer, was born. Horticultural Hall and Memorial 
Hall, built for the great Centennial Exposition of 1876, 
are still standing in the park. The former is now used 
for the propagation of rare and valuable plants, while the 
latter is occupied by the highly interesting and instructive 
exhibits of the Pennsylvania Museum and the School of 
Industrial Art. The Zoological Garden is also found in 
the park. It is the largest and best in America, and 
is of great value to any student of geography. 

Commercial Museum. — Here is a large and remarkably 
instructive collection of raw and manufactured products 
gathered from all parts of the world. The reputation of 
the Museum is high, not only at home, but in foreign 
countries as well. To spend a day there is worth a trip 
across the state. The Museum is at present located at 
223 South Fourth Street. 



CITIES AND TOWNS 



65 



Academy of Natural Sciences. — The Academy stands at 
the corner of 19th and Race streets. There is no better 
place for the study of certain phases of geography. Here 
you will find very large and well-arranged collections of 
minerals and birds. There are also some remarkable 
geological specimens here which, once seen, can never be 
forgotten. Admission is free. 

The Harbor. — No visitor to Philadelphia should fail to 
visit the Delaware River front. Here you see ships, 






Fig. 44. 
Launching of the "Iowa " at Cramp's .shipyard, Philadelpliia. 

sailors, and cargoes from all parts of the world. Here 
you catch hints of the city's commercial life that are not 
revealed elsewhere. Here, too, you realize why the Dela- 
ware is called "the Clyde of America." You are thus 
helped to understand the supreme importance of the 
Delaware to Pennsylvania. 

Pittsburg, the metropolis of western Pennsylvania 
and the county seat of Allegheny County, is one of 
the great industrial cities of the world. As has been 
shown in other connections, coal, petroleum, natural gas. 



66 PENNS YL VAN I A 

and cheap transportation are the chief foundation stones 
upon which Pittsburg's wealth and power rest. These 
natural advantages have not only contributed to Pitts- 
burg's prosperity, but they have crowded the banks of the 
Ohio, the Allegheny, and the Monongahela with towns 
and manufacturing plants which extend many miles be- 
yond the corporate limits of the city. Were the limits of 
Pittsburg extended so as to include the city of Allegheny 
and a number of suburban towns, her population would be 
greatly increased. A plan for such extension of the limits 
has been considered, but has not yet been approved. If 
the plan should finally be adopted, Pittsburg would become 
" Greater Pittsburg," as New York has already become 
"Greater New York." 

Pittsburg and the densely settled territory immediately 
adjacent are frequently spoken of as the Pittsburg Dis- 
trict. In the production of the following manufactures 
the Pittsburg District leads the world : steel and iron, 
plate glass, window glass, tumblers, tin plate, steel cars, 
air-brakes, electrical machinery, steel and wrought iron 
pipe, fire-brick and clay, corks, and pickles. The largest 
electric generators that have ever been constructed, those 
at Niagara Falls, were made here. Pittsburg produces 
75 per cent of all the plate glass made in the United 
States. Of ornamental glass foi- the table she produces 
63,000 tons per annum. The corks manufactured are not 
for bottles alone, but for the grips of bicycle handle bars, 
inner soles of shoes, and floats for fishing seines. In Pitts- 
burg's pickling and preserving works 2500 persons find 
constant employment. 

Allegheny. — On the Allegheny River, opposite Pitts- 
burg, and connected with the latter by numerous bridges, 



PITTSBURG, ALLEGHENY 

ami Aifiiiity. 



I N D I AXN 




CITIES AND TOWNS 67 

lies the third city of the state — Allegheny. Large iron 
and steel mills, structural iron works, and the manufac- 
ture of steel cars, glass, and leather furnish employment 
to thousands. In addition to the Western University of 
Pennsylvania, which has received attention when speaking 
of education, there are in Allegheny three theological sem- 
inaries, — the United Presbyterian, the Presbyterian, and 
the Reformed Presbyterian. The largest reservoir in tlie 
United States for natural gas is in Allegheny. The Car- 
negie Free Library, with its 25,000 volumes, is one of the 
ornaments of the city, and is supplemented by a large 
public school library. 

ScRANTON, in the midst of the northern anthracite coal 
field, and the county seat of Lackawanna Oount}^ has had 
a remarkably rapid growth. Though one of the youngest 
cities in the state, she is now fourth in population. 
Naturally the city is chiefly engaged in mining and 
shipping coal, but she also produces silk, cars, steel rails, 
and iron in many forms. 

Reading, the county seat of Berks County, is beautifully 
located where the Schuylkill breaks through the South 
Mountain range. On the mountains around the city are 
attractive summer resorts, from which may be had charm- 
ing views of the Lebanon and the Scliuylkill valleys. 
Almost within sight of the southern anthracite field, Read- 
ing is admirably situated for manufacturing purposes. 
Iron, steel, cars, hardware, stoves, hosiery, knit goods, 
woollen hats, and silk and cotton fabrics are produced here 
in large quantities. 

Erie, a port of entry, and the county seat of Erie County, 
has the finest natural harbor on the lakes. The city has a 
large trade in coal, petroleum, iron and copper ores, lum- 



68 PENNSYLVANIA 

ber, and the products of its various manufactories of en- 
gines, boilers, malleable iron, brass, wooden ware, and 
household implements. It was first settled by the French 
in 1753 by the building of Fort Presque Isle. In 1756 
there were one hundred French families living around the 
fort, but on the abandonment of the country by the French 
in 1763, Erie lapsed back into the wilderness, and was 
resettled by American families from the East in 1795. 

WiLKESBARRE, the county seat of Luzerne County, is 
beautifully situated in the famous Wyoming valley, and 
is but a few miles from the scene of the terrible Wyoming 
massacre. The men who founded the city in 1772 named 
it in honor of John Wilkes and Colonel Isaac Barre — two 
sturdy champions of American liberty in the British Par- 
liament. Since Wilkesbarre lies in the heart of the north- 
ern anthracite region, coal is her great source of wealth. 
As might be expected, Wilkesbarre manufactures mining 
engines, cars, machinery for the mines, and wire rope. 
Silk and cutlery are also manufactured. Wilkesbarre's 
" Nottingham curtains " received attention in connection 
with the cotton industries of the state. 

Harrisburg, the capital of the state, is situated on the 
east bank of the Susquehanna River, which is, at this 
point, about a mile wide. A short distance north of the 
city the Susquehanna breaks through the Blue Mountains, 
presenting a rare scene of bluffs, coves, and vanishing 
vistas. It is an important railroad centre. Its leading 
industrial establishments are rolling mills, furnaces, steel 
works, and manufactories of shoes, watches, mattresses, 
and a variety of knit and woven fabrics. The legislature 
holds its sessions here every two years, and here are the 
Supreme Court and the several executive departments of 



CITIES AND TOWNS 69 

the state government. The public buiklings are the 
Capitol, the State Arsenal, the State Library, and the 
Pennsylvania Insane Asylum. 

Lancaster, the county seat of Lancaster County, is in 
the midst of one of the finest agricultural districts in the 
world. Franklin and Marshall College is located here, 
and the Millersville Normal School, but four miles away, 
is connected with the city by trolley. From 1799 to 1812 
Lancaster was the capital of the state. Two distinguished 
public men, James Buchanan and Thaddeus Stevens, lived 
and died in Lancaster. Much fine tobacco is raised on 
the fertile soil of Lancaster County, and the city has, 
therefore, a large trade in this article. Here are also 
numerous foundries, cotton mills, tanneries, and other 
manufactories. 

Altoona, in Blair County, is situated at the eastern 
base of the Alleghanies. At this point passengers over 
the Pennsylvania Railroad prepare themselves to enjoy 
the beauties of the wonderful "■ Horseshoe Bend," which 
lies just west of the city. When you travel this Avay, 
arrange, if possible, to pass through Altoona by daylight. 
The immense manufacturing and repair shops of the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad, the cliicf source of Altoona's prosperity, 
are located here. 

Johnstown, in Cambria County, is on the Conemaugh 
River — a stream made famous by the "Johnstown Flood," 
which in 1889 destroyed nearly the whole city and drowned 
thousands of her citizens. Johnstown, however, was quickly 
rebuilt, and was soon more vigorous and prosperous than 
before the flood. The Pennsylvania Railroad, which passes 
through the city, and fine deposits of bituminous coal in 
the vicinity are important factors in Johnstown's pros- 



70 PENNSYLVANIA 

perity. The Cambria Iron Company, seeing the advan- 
tages of the situation, located their mammoth iron and 
steel works here. 

Allentown, the county seat of Lehigh County, and 
tlie largest city in the Lehigh valley, is situated on the 
Lehigh River, immediately south of the slate and cement 
region. It has diversified manufacturing establishments, 
such as furniture and shoe factories, wire and thread mills, 
and a number of silk mills. It is connected by numerous 
trolley lines with the surrounding country, and is the 
terminus of the Lehigh Valley Traction, which has a 
through line to Philadelphia. The Central Railroad of 
New Jersey, the Philadelphia and Reading, and the Lehigh 
Valley railroads also afford excellent means of transporta- 
tion. Muhlenburg College and the Allentown College for 
Women are located here. 

McKeesport, at the junction of the-Monongahela and 
the Youghiogheny, is but fourteen miles from Pittsburg, 
and enjoys a good share of the natural advantages of that 
city. The industrial interests of McKeesport centre in 
iron, steel, and the mining of coal. When Pittsburg's 
limits are extended, McKeesport, together with Duquesne, 
Braddock, and Homestead, will doubtless become a part 
of ''Greater Pittsburg." 

Chester, the oldest town in Pennsylvania, is located 
on the Delaware River about midway between Philadel- 
phia and Wilmington. Its rapid industrial development 
is due to its long river front, its railroad facilities, and its 
proximity to the coal regions. Ship-building, steel cast- 
ing, and the manufacture of textiles, dye-stuffs, brick, and 
plaster are its chief industries. In tlie suburbs are large 
plants for the printing of textiles and the refining of 



CITIES AND TOWNS 71 

petroleum. It is the seat of the Pennsylvania Military 
College. Crozier Theological Seminary is located in 
Upland, which, not being within the corporate limits of 
Chester, still holds the name by which the whole settle- 
ment was known before Penn renamed it. 

York, the county seat of York County, and the centre 
of a rich agricultural region, is noted for its varied and 
extensive industries. The chief manufactured products 
are ice machines, wire cloth, safes, nails, chains, water 
wheels, paper, organs, carriages, silks, candy, cigars, and 
the output of agricultural works, foundries, machine shops, 
and rolling mills. In 1777-1778, while the British occu- 
pied Philadelphia, the Continental Congress met in York. 

Willi AMSPORT, the county seat of Lycoming County, 
is beautifully situated on the West Branch of the Susque- 
hanna. For years Williamsport was known as the "Saw- 
dust City " because of the great amount of lumber cut in 
her sawmills. Tliere is not quite so much sawdust as 
formerly, but her industries have become widely diversi- 
fied, and she is now appropriately called the " Queen City 
of the West Branch." Her manufactures include wood- 
working machinery, doors, sash and moulding, furniture, 
paving bricks, gasoline engines, rubber and leather boots 
and shoes, clothing, and sewing machines. The United 
States Census Bureau — report for 1900 — names Wil- 
liamsport as the most healthful city in the state, and the 
fourth in this respect in the United States. 

New Castle, the county seat of Lawrence County, is 
situated fifty miles northwest of Pittsburg. AVithin the 
last ten years the city has more than doubled her popula- 
tion. With excellent coal, glass sand, and fire-cla}^ in her 
vicinity, the city has become a very impoi'tant manufac- 



72 PENNSYLVANIA 

turing centre. Her manufactures include iron, wire nails, 
glass, fire-brick, and flour. 

Easton, the county seat of Northampton County, is 
situated at the confluence of the Delaware and the Lehigh. 
It is the seat of Lafayette College, and has silk mills, drill 
works, railway supply works, two organ factories, and 
other industrial establishments. Soapstone, serpentine, 
and a rare variety of stone called verdolite are quarried 
just without the corporate limits of the city. Vast cement 
beds are located near the city from which thousands of 
barrels are produced daily. The famous treaty with the 
Five Nations is recorded as having taken place at the 
forks of the Delaware. 



HISTORY 

Almost three hundred years ago Henry Hudson, the 
famous navigator, entered what is known as Delaware 
Bay. Annoyed by shoals, and concluding that he was in 
treacherous waters, Hudson sailed out to sea again after 
having been in the bay but a few hours. Soon after this 
he entered the harbor of New York, where no shoals 
obstructed his passage. Although Hudson was an Eng- 
lishman, he was at this time in the service of Holland, 
and the Dutch claim to the country drained by both the 
Hudson and the Delaware rested upon this voyage. 

The Delaware was named in honor of Lord Delaware, 
governor of Virginia, who visited the mouth of the bay 
one year after Hudson. The English doubtless gave his 
name to bay and river, thinking that their claim to this 
part of the continent would thereby be strengthened. 
Tlie Dutcli sometimes called it Nassau, but they usually 



HisroRV 73 

spoke of it as the Zuydt, or South River, as they called 
the Hudson the North. 

In the year 1616 Captain Hendrickson, a Dutchman, 
did what both Hudson and Lord Delaware failed to do, — 
passed the shoals at the mouth of Delaware Bay and, in 
a small yacht, the " Onrust," or " Restless," ascended the 
river as far as the Schuylkill. 

Three years after the landing of the Pilgrims on Plym- 
outh Rock we find the Dutch established on the Dele- 
ware. Their settlement was at Gloucester Point, on the 
Jersey side of the river, nearly opposite the present site of 
Philadelphia ; but from this as a base the Dutch passed 
over into Pennsylvania, making themselves at home in the 
beautiful valley of the Schuylkill, where they enjoj^ed a 
very lucrative trade in be<),ver-skins. 

But the Dutch were doomed to meet with opposition. 
The Swedes, too, were pleased with the Delaware, and 
understood very well the value of beaver-skins. They 
were also excellent farmers with keen eyes for fertile soil. 
Of course the Swedes did not have even the shadow of a 
claim to any land in North America, but in those days 
that did not make much difference. Those who were able, 
took and kept what pleased them. 

The Swedes first settled near the present site of Wik 
mington, but from this point they worked their way into 
Pennsylvania, where they founded the town of Upland, 
now called Chester. They were eminently religious, and 
built churches wherever they had important settlements. 
This explains the presence of Old Swedes' Church which 
is still standing near the corner of Christian and Front 
streets, Philadelphia. Such names as Swedesburg, Swede- 
land, Swedes' Ford, and Swede Furnace, all found in the 



74 PENNS YL VANIA 

vieiiiiiy of Philadelphia, point unmistakably to an occupa- 
tion by this nation. In like manner, Schuylkill, meaning 
" hidden creek," indicates the presence of the Dutch. 

But the day soon came when Dutch and Swedes alike 
must yield to a stronger power. The English, seeing that 
the Dutch occupied the country from the valley of the 
Mohawk to Delaware Bay, naturally became alarmed, and 
determined to bring Dutch rule in America to an end. This 
they did by pointing to the discovery of the continent by 
the Cabots away back in 1497, and by following up this 
little lesson in history by sending, in 1664, a fleet and 
army whicli demanded and secured possession. 

When Penn arrived in Pennsylvania in 1682, as has 
been previously explained, he was heartily welcomed by 
his Dutch and Swedish subjects whom he treated with 
great kindness and consideration. Nor did Penn have 
any trouble witli the Indians. He met them in a broad- 
minded and brotlierly manner, and tliey responded with a 
remarkable and beautiful friendship that remained un- 
broken for nearly eighty years. Unfortunately, liowever 
there were long and serious disputes respecting the boun- 
daries of Pennsylvania. To determine what part of the 
earth's surface was embraced in Penn's grant, gave untold 
trouble. 

Connecticut claimed nearly the whole of the upper half 
of the state, and strove with arms, too, to make good the 
claim. An examination of a map of the United States 
will show at once tliat if the northern and southern bounda- 
ries of Connecticut were carried due west, they would cut 
off a big slice from Pennsylvania. The people of Con- 
necticut were determined to have this slice. 

On the south. Lord Baltimore claimed a broad belt ex- 



HISTORY 75 

tending some distance north of Pliiladelpliia, and west- 
ward nearly to Pittsburg. The Baltimores were stubborn, 
determined men, and if they did not get this large and 
valuable belt of land, it was not because they did not work 
hard enough and long enough (ninety-two years) to secure 
it. 

All this seemed bad enough, but there was still another 
dispute. Virginia claimed nearlj'- all that was left of the 
western end of the state up to a north-and-south line 
drawn a little east of Pittsburg. 

Had all the claimants received what they so long and 
earnestly sought, Pennsylvania would have been one of 
the small states of this Union. Connecticut would have 
had a large part of our anthracite and petroleum ; to 
Maryland would have fallen the city of Philadelphia, and 
much of our best bituminous coal ; Pittsburg, and all it 
stands for, would have gone to Virginia. 

"• When," says Mr. Fisher, in his " Making of Pennsyl- ' 
vania," " we consider all these boundary disputes, the long 
years through which they extended, the violence and bit- 
terness with which they were maintained against us, the 
largeness of their demands, cutting us down from great- 
ness to littleness, and depriving us of our two important 
cities and points of advantage, it is hard to restrain a feel- 
ing, not merely of satisfaction at our success in resisting 
these attacks, but of gratitude for the skill and persistence 
of the Penns who accomplished this result." 

The arc of a circle which forms the boundary between Penn- 
sylvania and Delaware is struck from New Castle as a centre 
with a radius of twelve miles. Its position was at first deter- 
mined by David Rittenhouse, the famous Pennsylvania astron- 
omer and mathematician. Mason and Dixon, the well-known 



76 PENNSYLVANIA 

English astronomers, wlio fixed the- boundary between Mary- 
land and Pennsylvania, resurveyed the circle around New- 
Castle; but, finding Rittenhouse's work absolutely accurate, 
they, of course, did not change the position of the arc. 

Four years were consumed by Mason and Dixon in running 
the famous line which has immortalized their names. This 
line, separating Pennsylvania from Maryland, is parallel to the 
equator and 39° 43' from it. In the face of opposition by the 
Indians, who did not understand why the astronomers were 
looking so often at the stars through " big guns " (telescopes). 
Mason and Dixon cleared a path twenty-four feet wide among 
the trees, and in the middle of this they marked the exact line. 
The end of each mile was marked with a stone. Every fifth 
milestone bears on the side facing Maryland the arms of Penn ; 
on the other face are seen the arms of Baltimore. The other 
stones are marked with a simple P on the one side and an M 
on the other. 

The northern boundary of the state, the forty-second parallel, 
was marked out by Rittenhouse in 1785-1787. The triangle in 
the northwest corner, called the Erie Triangle, giving us the 
harbor of Erie and a very important frontage on the lake, was 
bought from the United States in 1792 for $151,640. 

Pennsylvania's Mixed Population. — No other state in 
the Union has a population more varied than that of Penn- 
sylvania. Here may be found English, Germans, Scotch- 
Irish, Welsh, French, Italians, Poles, Hungarians, and 
other races. Such variety in nationality naturally brings 
with it great diversity in religion. But, as in the days of 
Penn himself, these differences occasion little friction. 

The Quakers. — The Friends, or Quakers, settled prin- 
cipally in and around Philadelphia. They have always 
been noted for their fair dealings and cordial relations 
with the Indians, for their love of religious liberty, for 
their simplicity of dress and manners, and for their per- 



HISTORY 77 

sistent and detenuined opposition to war and to slavery. 
Haverford College and Swartbmore College, both under 
the control of Friends, bear ample testimony to the schol- 
arship and ability of these amiable and unostentatious 
people. From their ranks have come some of the most 
famous men that Pennsylvania has produced. 

The Scotch-Irish. — In striking contrast with the Quakers 
were the Scotch-Irish, who, seeking religious liberty and 
good farms, came to Pennsylvania in the early years of the 
eighteenth century. The name Scotch-Irish is somewhat 
misleading. It was applied to people (many of them of 
English origin) who, after living many years in Scotland, 
went over to Ireland to take possession of the lands from 
which Queen Elizabetli and James I had driven the Irish. 

These people preferred to be by themselves in Penn- 
sylvania and were, therefore, generally found on the 
frontier. As this moved westward, they moved with it. 
In this manner they were scattered all over tlie state, and 
there is scarcely a county to-day without representatives 
of their race. 

In religion the Scotch-Irish were Presbyterians, and 
were stanch friends of education. Washington and Jef- 
ferson College, in the western part of the state, traces its 
origin back to these hardy frontiersmen. It was a Scotch- 
Irishman, too, who established the famous " Log College " 
on the banks of the Neshaminy, in Bucks County. From 
this humble beginning came the influences that produced 
Dickinson College and Princeton University. 

The Germans. — As we have seen, there were Germans 
in Pennsylvania before the Quakers arrived, but the lib- 
eral government established by Penn induced many more 
to follow. During the first half of the eighteentli century 



7 8 PENNS YL VA NIA 

nearly a hundred thousand Germans, principally indus- 
trious and skilful agriculturists, found their way to the 
land of Penn. Naturally these men sought fertile soil, 
and in the Schuylkill, Lehigh, Lebanon, Cumberland, 
Juniata, and Susquehanna valleys they found it in abun- 
dance. To this day the Germans own and cultivate many 
of the best farms in the state. They have always been 
patriotic and law-abiding citizens. Their services during 
the Revolution and the Civil War challenge the admira- 
tion of all. Among them have been many men conspicu- 
ous for their scholarship, 

Pennsylvania in the French and Indian War. — When, 
at the beginning of the French and Lidian War, General 
Braddock found it impossible to procure in J\Iaryland 
and Virginia the horses and wagons that were absolutely 
necessary to transport his baggage and cannon, Benjamin 
Franklin of Pennsylvania persuaded tlie farmers of Lan- 
caster, York, and Cumberland counties to rent to the 
English general 150 wagons, with 4 horses to each, and 
1500 packhorses. Li the crushing defeat which Braddock 
suffered on the banks of the Monongahela, eight miles from 
Pittsburg, most of these horses and wagons were lost. To 
reimburse the farmers for their losses required time, pa- 
tience, and a good round sum of money — about -f 100,000, 

But this was a small matter when compared witli the 
Indian atrocities that naturally followed the victory over 
Braddock, The days of Penn were forgotten. The Indians 
put on their war paint, and, scalping and murdering as 
they went, ravaged tlie country from Pittsburg to Harris- 
burg, Lancaster, and Bethlehem. 

Pennsylvania in the Revolution. — The part taken by 
Pennsylvania in the Revolution was indeed remarkable. 



HISTORT 



79 



The First Continental Congress, Declaration of Indepen- 
dence, Constitutional Convention, stand for great things 
in the world's history ; while Brandywine, Germantown, 
and Valley Forge are names dear to the hearts of the 
American people. 

Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, where the first Con- 
tinental Congress met, is still standing between Third 




Fig. 45. 
liulependeuce Hal), Philadelphia. 

and Fourth streets and a little south of Chestnut. Inde- 
pendence Hall, made famous by the Declaration of In- 
dependence and the Constitutional Convention, is on 
Chestnut Street, between Fifth and Sixth. Here may be 
seen the portraits of the signers of the Declaration and 
many interesting relics. When you go to Philadelphia 
you should not fail to visit these historic shrines. 

At Chadd's Ford on the Brandywine, in Chester County, 
September 11, 1777, was fought the battle that decided 



80 



PENNSYLVANIA 



the fate of Philadelpliia. Wasliiiigton and Lafayette here 
fought side by side. The British, however, won the day, 
and on September 26 their army entered Philadelphia in 
triumph. Eight days later Washington attacked the 
enemy again at Germantown, but was repulsed. 

The redcoats now prepared to enjoy themselves in the 
city, while Washington and his army sought such shelter 
as they could find among the hills of Valley Forge twenty- 
three miles away. Perhaps the British lost nearly as much 
in Philadelphia through self-indulgence and dissipation as 
the Americans did at Valley Forge through cold, disease, 
and hunger. This is evidently what the shrewd Franklin 
had in mind when he said, '' Howe did not take Phila- 
delphia — Philadelphia 
took Howe." 

Washington's head- 
quarters at Valley 
Forge may be seen 
from the car windows 
l)y passengers over the 
Philadelphia and Read- 
ing Railroad ; and a 
portion of the battle- 
field of Brandywine 
may, in like manner, be 
seen by passengers over 
the Baltimore Central. 
The Chew House, the scene of desperate fighting in the 
battle of Germantown. is still standing. 

Pennsylvania in the Civil War. — Geographically. Penn- 
sylvania, is very close to the South, but at the time of the 
Civil War she was most remote from her in sympathy. 




Fig. 4tj. 

Washington's heaclq\iarters at Valley 
Forire, Pa. 



HI STORY 81 

In 1861, therefore, when Washington was in danger of 
falling into the hands of the Southerners, the first north- 
ern troops to arrive for its defence were 530 Pennsylvania 
volunteers from Reading, Lewistown, Pottsville, and 
Allentown. From that time until the surrender at Appo- 
mattox, the Keystone State gave men and money with- 
out stint. Her total contributions to the national armies 
amounted to about 390,000 men — a vast army. 

Naturally, Pennsylvania suffered much from raids dur- 
ing the war. The open fertile valleys of the state extend 
across Mason and Dixon's line and thus offered easy access 
to the treasures of the North. Her flour, fine horses, and 
fat cattle were sadly needed by the Confederates, and 
more than once did the Southern raiders come after these 
and other good things. Chambersburg was burned to 
the ground, Carlisle was shelled, and the people of the 
Cumberland valley generally were made extremely un- 
comfortable. 

Finally at Gettysburg, in Adams County, came the 
decisive battle of the war. During the first three days 
of July, 1863, did this most terrible battle of modern 
times rage. One hundred and fifty thousand men were 
engaged here in deadly conflict. When the smoke of 
battle cleared away one-third of this great host had disap- 
peared. " Dead, wounded, and missing " were the words 
that explained their absence. As the writer recently 
walked over a portion of the field occupied by our men 
during the first day, the old soldier who accompanied 
him, with a wave of his hand in the direction of certain 
fields, said, " At the end of the first day's fight, sir, those 
fields were blue with men'' — dead and wounded soldiers. 

Three famous Pennsylvania generals were at Gettys- 



82 



PENNS YL VANIA 



thickest of the fight 



burg. General George G. Meade of Philadelpliia com- 
manded the Union army. Then there was General 
W infield Scott Hancock of Norristown, Montgomery 
County, who, after valiant service, was wounded in the 

The brave General John F. Rey- 
nolds of Lancaster was 
killed during the first 
day's fight, but he lived 
long enough to keep the 
Confederates in check 
until the other divisions 
of the army arrived and 
})osted themselves in 
the strong position that, 
during the next two 
fearful days, proved im- 
pregnable. 

It was at the dedica- 
tion of the Soldiers' 
National Cemetery at 
Gettysburg that Presi- 
dent Lincoln delivered 
that brief but immortal 
address, beginning with the words, — " Fourscore and 
seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this conti- 
nent a new nation." 

Famous Men. — At Kennett Square, Cliester County, in 
1825, was born Pennsylvania's most famous literary man, 
— Bayard Taylor. Taylor himself desired that his fame 
should rest upon his poetry ; but though this was excellent, 
his books of travel are so delightful that he is probably 
best known by them. 




Fig. 47. 

Reynolds's monument, National Cemetery, 

Gettysburg, Pa. 



HISTORY 83 

Bayard's fondness for poetry displayed itself very early. 
At almost any time during Jus seliool days, poems and 
scraps of poetry could be found in his desk, pockets, and 
hat. He was also fascinated by geography and history. 
When but a mere boy he made up his mind that he would 
see Europe. True, lie had no money, but this he would 
get. His friends laughed at him, but this did not dis- 
courage him. 

Finally, when Bayard reached his nineteenth birthday, 
he determined to go to Europe. But wliere were the 
necessary funds ? He had ])ublislied and sold one of his 
poems. In this way he cleared i|20. The United States 
Q-azette and the Saturday Evening Post were then pub- 
lished in Philadel[)hia. The editors of each of these 
gave Bayard -'tfSO for his promise to write letters for 
their columns. The editors were not certain they would 
use these letters, but they were pleased with the young 
man's manners, and decided to help liim. About the 
same time Bayard sold some poems in manuscript for !|20. 
Thus the ambitious youth had scraped together -1140 — a 
meagre sum, indeed, with which to start to Europe. 

But Bayard went, and " Views Afoot " (you may be 
sure he could not ride) tells in enchanting manner the 
wonderful story of that first visit to Europe. His books 
of travel (he wrote many) have a cliarm that captivates 
the reader. Russell H. Conwell, in his " Life of Bayard 
Taylor," says, " His books upon travel will be read for a 
century to come." 

For many years Bayard Taylor planned to have a home 
of his own near Kennett Square. In time he secured 
land and within sight of his native village built himself 
a beautiful mansion which he called Cedarcroft. Here 



84 



PENNSYLVANIA 



with overflowing hospitality he entertained many dis- 
tinguished people. 

In 1878 President Hayes appointed him minister to 
Germany. His appointment was received with great 
pleasure on both sides of the Atlantic, but he lived less 
than a year to serve his country in this capacity. 

In Longwood Cemetery, about a mile and a half from 
Cedarcroft, under a handsome Greek altar, by tlie side of 

liis first wife, the beautiful, lov- 
ing, and lovable Mary Agnew, 
lies the poet and traveller, 
" taking, after his painful toils, 
the fitting rest." Around the 
frieze of the altar are these 
most appropriate words, — " He 
being dead yet speaketh." 

Tlie list of famous Pennsyl- 
vanians is very long. We sug- 
gest a few of many names that 
will amply repay study : Benja- 
min Franklin, James Buchanan, 
Robert Fulton, Stephen Girard, Elisha Kent Kane, Isaac 
I. Hayes, Thomas Buchanan Read, David Rittenhouse, 
Andrew G. Curtain, Thaddeus Stevens, Benjamin West, 
George Westinghouse. 

EDUCATION 

If any boys and girls in Pennsylvania grow up in igno- 
rance, it is certainly not the fault of the state. The total 
amount of the state appropriation for public education is 
now $5,500,000 annually. Of this amount -$200,000 are 
for the use of the thirteen state normal schools, and 




Fig. 48. 
Tomb of Bayard Taylor. 



EDUCATION 



85 



$50,000 are intended for township high schools. The bal- 
ance, 'i{i5,250,000, is for the common schools. This is a 
large sum of money, but it is only a small part of what is 
spent on public education. The school districts through- 
ont the state raise by local taxation about <f'18,000,000 
more. 

The whole number of children in the public schools of 
the state for the year ending June 3, 1901, was 1,161,524 — 
more than one-sixth of the entire population. There were 
30,044 teachers 
engaged in 
teaching these 
children. Teach- 
ers and chil- 
dren together, 
if placed six 
abreast, with 
two feet be- 
tween the ranks, 
would make a 
column seventy- 
five miles in t'i«- ^'^■ 
leno-th. ^'^y^' •"Central High School, Philadelphia, Pa. 

The present magnificent system of public schools in 
Pennsylvania, however, is not yet seventy years old. It 
dates from 1834. Previous to this there were denomina- 
tional and private schools, but these could not reach the 
masses. Thousands went through life without knowing 
anything about the blessings of a school education. 

In the state constitution of 1790, it should also be 
remembered, was the following provision: "The Legis- 
lature shall, as soon as conveniently may be, provide by 




8 6 PENNS YL VA NIA 

law for the establishment of schools throughout the state, 
in such numbers that the poor may be taught gratis." 

In practice this meant that in order to be '• taught gratis " 
the pu^nls, or rather their parents, must plead poverty. The 
rich and the well-to-do were required to pay for the tuition of 
their children. This plan had many and serious defects. The 
poor were not pleased with such schools because, in order to 
share their benefits, they must confess poverty ; the rich and 
the well-to-do were no better satisfied with them, because the 
schools were naturally nicknamed " charity " and " pauper " 
schools. 

After considerable opposition the Free School Act was 
passed in 1834. The law Avas to go into effect in September 
of that year. When, however, the people were notified to 
carry out the law, there was a blaze of indignation, and the law 
was generally either evaded or defied. In many places free- 
school men Avere shamefully treated and not infrequently 
ruined in business. 

Some of the arguments against tlie education of all the 
children were that such education would create idleness, vice, 
and crime, and that the money required would bankrupt the 
state. Tliose who held these peculiar opinions determined to 
have the law repealed. The battle was, accordingly, carried 
to the halls of legislation at Harrisburg, where the final test of 
strength between the opponents and the friends of free educa- 
tion came on the 11th of April, 1835. 

When on that day the chaplain rose for prayer, for what do 
you think he prayed? He besought Almighty God "to lay 
bare his strong right arm and save the state from the poverty 
and bankruptcy which were sure to follow if the people were 
to have their property wrested from them for the education of 
all the children." Soon after this wonderful prayer, the able 
and courageous Thaddeus Stevens took the floor, and in one of 
the most powerful speeches of his life defended the new school 
law. " Sir," said Mr. Stevens, in the course of his speech, " I 
trust that when we come to act on this question, avc shall take 



EDUCATION 



87 




Fk;. 50. 
Tliaddeus Stevens. 



lofty grovmd, — look beyond the narrow space which now cir- 
cumscribes our vision, — and so cast our votes that the blessing 
of education shall be conferred on every son of Pennsylvania, 
shall be carried home to the poorest child 
of the poorest inhabitant of the meanest 
hut of your mountains, so that even he may 
be prepared to act his part in this land of 
freemen, and lay on earth a broad and solid 
foundation for that enduring knowledge 
which goes on increasing through increas- 
ing eternity." 

To the magic of Mr. Stevens's oratory 
was largely due tlie victory that was won 
for free schools. There is not a child in 
the schools of Pennsylvania that does not 
owe Tliaddeus Stevens a debt of gratitude. 
Nor should the name of George Wolf, governor of the state 
at this critical period, be forgotten. All his influence, power, 
and sympathy were with the friends of free education. 

The Public Schools. — The value of the work done in the 
public schools of Pennsylvania is beyond all calculation. 
Here are laid the foundations of good citizenship and of 
happy and prosperous lives. The rich and the poor, the 
native born and the foreigner, meet here on a common 
level. Here they learn to know and to respect each other. 
In the public schools, obedience, politeness, industry, self- 
reliance, and ability count for mucli ; birth and station for 
notliing. 

The Normal Schools. — In order to prepare young men 
and young women for the difticult and delicate work of 
teaching, normal schools have been establislied by the state. 
The counties of the state are grouped into thirteen normal 
school districts, and in each of these is a flourishing normal 
school. These schools are of supreme importance to those 



PENNSYLVANIA 




Fig. 51. 
College Hall, University of Pennsylvania, 



who wish to pre- 
pare to teach. 
They are located 
as follows: West 
Chester, Millers- 
ville, Kutztown, 
East Strouds- 
burg, Mansfield, 
Bloomsburg, 
Shi])pensburg, 
Lock Haven, 
Indiana, Cali- 
fornia, Slipper}^ 
Rock, Edinboro, 
Philadelphia. ^^^^ Clarion. 

Colleges and Universities. — In the Pennsylvania Report 
of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for lltOl may 
be found the names of twenty -nine colleges and univer- 
sities that are 
found within 
the state. The 
list is given in 
the Appendix. 

Chief among 
them is the IJjii- 
versity of Penn- 
s y 1 V a n i a , at 
Philadelphia, 
witli over 2500 
students and 
about 270 pro- fig. 5l'. 

fessors, lectur- Library, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 




EDUCATION 



89 



ers, and instructors. In addition to the regular classical 
course, the University maintains departments in philos- 
ophy, geography, law, medicine, engineering, hygiene, 
dentistry, and veterinary medicine. There is also a well- 
equipped astronomical observator3^ 

At the other end of the state is the Western University 
of Pennsylvania, with nearly 1000 students and 125 pro- 




Fiu. 5:5. 
Group of buildings, Western University of Pennsylvania, Allegheny, Pa. 

fessors and instructors. The work done in the astronomi- 
cal observatory of this institution, by Professor Langley 
and Professor Iveeler, has attracted the attention and chal- 
lenged the admiration of the greatest astronomers in the 
world. Indeed, the Western University has been called 
"the cradle of the new astronomy." 

Midway between these two universities, in Centre 
County, is the Pennsylvania State College. Thirteen 
four years' courses are now organized here, — four general 



90 PENJVSYLVANIA 

courses and nine teclmical ones. Under the latter divi- 
sion is a course in agriculture. To residents of Pennsyl- 
vania tuition is free. Students from other states pay 
-f 100 a year for tuition. The enrolled attendance is now 
over five hundred. 

Suggestive Questions. — (1) Is there any college or university 
in your vicinity? (2) Who is president V (o) What courses are 
maintained? (4) What degrees are conferred? (5) What are the 
entrance requirements? (6) What is the charge for tuition? 
(7) What of the library? (8) The museum? (9) Is the college 
ojien to both sexes? (10) Do you know any persons who are gradu- 
ates of the college ? (A catalogue, which may be had free upon appli- 
cation, -svill give you information on the subjects here suggested.) 

Other Educational Institutions. — The deaf and dumb, the 
blind, the feeble-minded, and the orphans are all generously 
provided for in excellent schools maintained wholly or in i)art 
by the state. At Huntingdon, Huntingdon County, is tlie 
Pennsylvania Industrial Reformatory, and at Morganza, Wash- 
ington County, is the Pennsylvania Reform School. The offi- 
cers of these two institutions now have charge of over a 
thousand young criminals whom they are seeking to reform. 

Hospitals for the Insane. — While asylums for the insane can- 
not be called educational institutions, they may be taken as a 
fair index of the degree of civilization in the state. The idea 
that insanity is the result of physical disease, and that success- 
ful treatment of it must be gentle and kind, is comparatively 
new. In the days of Shakespeare, and long after his time, 
lunatics were thrown into dungeons, loaded Avith chains, and 
beaten ^vithont mercy. The following item from an English 
constable's account-book illustrates the custom of whipping 
wandering lunatics : " Paid in charges for taking up a distracted 
woman, watching her, and whipping her next day, 8s. 6d." 
Indeed, insane persons were not infrequently burned at the 
stake as witches. 

The Quakers of Pennsylvania were among the very first to 
recognize insanity as a bodily disease, and to provide for its 



GOVERNMENT 91 

proper treatment. To-day over six thousand patients are 
receiving scientific treatment in the six insane asylums of the 
state. Of all the triumphs won by science for humanity, none 
surpass in good effects the modern treatment of the insane. 

Questions and Suggestions. — (1) Can the deaf and dumb be 
taught geography, history, and arithmetic ? (2) Can the blind study 
such subjects? (3) Do you know of any school for the blind? 
(•i) For the deaf ? (5) Perhaps you can get one of the annual reports 
from The Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, 
at Overbrook, Philadelphia, or from " The Pennsylvania Institution 
for the Deaf and Duiidi," at Mt. Airy, Philadelphia. (6) Sketches 
of the hospitals for the insane, located at Harrisburg, Danville, Nor- 
ristown, AVarren, Dixniont, and Wernersville, may be found in SnuiU's 
"Legislative Hand Book." 

GOVERNMENT 

Legislative Department. — The law-makinf^ power of the 
state of Pennsylvania is the General Assembly, which 
convenes at the capitol once in two years. The regular 
sessions begin on the lirst Tuesday of January of every 
odd year. Though the length of these sessions is not fixed 
by law, they usually last about five months. 

The General Assembly consists of a Senate and a House 
of Representatives. At present there are 50 senators, and 
204 representatives. Senators are chosen for four years, 
and representatives for two ; the former must be at 
least twenty-five years of age, and the latter twenty-one. 
Senators and representatives receive the same compensa- 
tion, — -flSOO for the regular biennial session, and mileage 
at the rate of twenty-five cents per mile. P^or a special 
session they receive $500 and mileage. In addition to this 
they are given $50 for stationery and $100 in postage. 

The Executive Department. — The governor is chosen 
by the people for a term of four years. He is clothed, by 



92 PENNSYLVANIA 

tlie constitution of the state, with great power. He must 
be at least thirty years okl, and cannot be elected for two 
terms in succession. His salary is 110,000 a year. 

There is also a lieutenant-governor. \i the governor 
dies, or is for any reason unable to discharge his duties, 
the lieutenant-governor takes his place. He is also ex 
officio the presiding officer of the Senate. He is elected at 
the same time and for the same term as the governor. 
His salary is $5000 a year. 




Fig. 54. • * 

New State Capitol, Harrisbnri;-, Pa. 

Other important officers of the state are the secretary of 
the commonwealth, attorney-general, auditor-general, sec- 
retary of internal affairs, state treasurer, adjutant-general, 
superintendent of public instruction, and secretary of 
asrriculture. For the names of these officers, and the sala- 
ries which they receive, see Smull's " Legislative Hand 
Book." What are the duties of the officers named in this 
paragraph ? 

The Judicial Department. — " The Judicial Power of 
this Commonwealth," says the Constitution of Pennsyl- 



GOVEHNMENT 



93 



vania, " shall be vested in a Supreme Court, in courts of 
Common Pleas, courts of Oyer and Terminer and General 
Jail Delivery, courts of Quarter Sessions of the Peace, 
Orphans' Courts, Magistrates' Courts, and in such other 
courts as the General Assembly may from time to time 
establish." 

The Supreme Court consists of seven judges who are 
elected by the voters of the state at large. They hold 
office for twenty-one 
years, but are not 
again eligible. The 
salary is 18000 a 
year, but the chief 
justice receives >|500 
extra. The Supreme 
Court sits at Phila- 
delphia, Harrisburg, 
and Pittsburg. 

Because the Su- 
preme Court was 
overloaded with 
business, the Gen- 
eral Assembly, in 
1896, established an- 
other court, — the 
Superior Court. 
This, too, consists of seven judges elected by the voters of 
the state, but the term is only ten years. The Superior 
Court holds annual sessions at Philadelphia, Scranton, 
Williamsport, Harrisburg, and Pittsburg. 

Suggestive Questions. — (1) What courts are found iu your 
county? (2) In your city? (3) In your borough? (4) Who are 




Fig. 55. 
The Executive Mansion, Harrisbui 



U Pa. 



94 PENNSYLVANIA 

your chief county officers? (5) AVliat is the length of the term for 
which each is elected ? (6) Consider the same questions with respect 
to the township and the borough. (7) Is there a legislative body in 
yoiir vicinity ? If so, what is the scope and character of its work ? 
(8) Are you acquainted with any executive officers? (9) Who are 
they? (10) What do they do? (11) Are there any judicial officers 
in your vicinity? 

A Few Reference Books 

Smull's "Legislative Hand Book." 

" Town Geology," by Professor Angelo Ileilprin. Published by the 

author. 
" The Making of Pennsylvania." By Sydney George Fisher. Henry 

T. Coates and Company, Philadelphia. 
" A History of Pennsylvania." By L. S. Shimmell. R. L. Myers and 

Company, Harrislnirg, Pa. 
" The Story of Philadelphia." By Lillian lone PJioades. American 

Book Company. 
"Industrial Evolution of the United States." By Carroll D. Wright. 

Flood and Vincent, Meadville, Pa. 
"Stories of Pennsylvania." By Joseph S. Walton and Martin (x. 

Brumbaugh. American Book Company. 
Annual Reports of the Secretary of Internal Affairs. State Printer 

of Pennsylvania. 



APPENDIX 

1 TABLE OF COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN 
PENNSYLVANIA 



Name of Institution 



Allegheny College 

Bryn Mawr 

Bucknell University 

Central High School, Philadelphia 

Dickinson College 

Franklin and Marshall College . 

Geneva College 

Grove City College 

Haverford College 

Lafayette College 

Lebanon Valley College .... 

Lehigh University 

Moravian College 

Muhlenberg College 

Pennsylvania College 

Pennsylvania ^Military College 
Pennsylvania State College . . . 

St. Vii^cent College 

Susquehanna University .... 

Swarthniore College 

Thiel College 

University of Pennsylvania . . . 

Ursinus College 

Villanova College 

Washington and Jefferson College 

Waynesburg College 

Western University of Pennsyl- 
vania 

West Minster College . . . . 
Wilson Female Collea;e . . . . 



CUty or Town 



County 



]Meadville . 
Bryn JNIawr 
Lewisburg 
Philadelphia 
Carlisle . . 
Lancaster . 
Beaver Falls 
(irove City 
Haverford . 
pjaston . . 
Annville . 
South Bethlehem 
Bethlehem 
AUentown . 
Gettysburg- 
Chester . . 
State College 
Beatty . . 
Selingsgrove 
Swarthniore 
Greenville . 
Philadeli^hia 
Collegeville 
Villanova . 
Washington 
Waynesburg 
Allegheny and 

Pittsburg 
Ne\f Wilmington 
Chambersburg 



Crawford 

^Montgomery 

Union 

Philadelphia 

Cumberland 

Lancaster 

Beaver 

Mercer 

Delaware 

Northampton 

Lebanon 

Northampton 

Northampton 

Lehigh 

Adams 

Delaware 

Centre 

Westmoreland 

Snyder 

Delaware 

]Mercer 

Philadelphia 

iSIontgomery 

Delaware 

Washington 

Greene 

Allegheny 
Lawrence 
Franklin 



I From Pennsylvania Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, VMl, 

95 



96 



PENNSYLVANIA 



POPULATIOX OF PENNSYLVANIA — 1790 to 1900 



Census Tears 


Population 


Per Cent of 
Increase 


Census Years 


Population 


Per Cent of 
Increase 


1790 . . 


4:34,37;5 




1850 . . 


2,311,786 


34.1 


1800 . . 


602,305 


38.7 


1860 . . 


2,906,215 


25.7 


1810 . . 


810,091 


34.5 


1870 . . 


3,521,951 


21.2 


1820 . . 


1,047,507 


29.3 


1880 . . 


4,282,891 


21.6 


1830 . . 


1,348,233 


28.7 


1890 . . 


5,258,014 


22.8 


1840 . . 


1,724,033 


27.9 


1900 . . 


6,302,115 


19.9 



TABLE SHOWING GPvOWTH OF CITIES IN PENNSYL- 
VANIA WITH MORE THAN 25,000 INHABITANTS — 

1790 TO 1900 



Philadelphia 
Pittsburg . 
Allegheny 
Scranton . 
Reading . 
Erie . . 
Wilkesbarre 
Harrrsburg 
Lancaster 
Altoona . 
Allen town 
Johnstown 
McKeesport 
Chester . 
York . . 
Willianisport 
New Castle 
Easton 



1900 



1,293,697 
321,616 
129,896 
102,026 
78,961 
52,733 
51,721 
50,167 
41,459 
38,973 
35,416 
35,936 
34,227 
33,988 
33,708 
28,757 
28,339 
25,238 



1870 



374,022 

86,076 

53,180 

35,092 

33,930 

19,646 

10,174 

23,104 

20,233 

10,610 

13,884 

6,028 

2,523 

9,485 

11,003 

16,030 

6,164 

10,987 



1840 



93,665 
21,115 
10,089 

8,410 
3,412 

1,718 
5,980 
8.417 

2,493 
949 

1,790 

4,779 

1,353 

611 

4,865 



1810 



53,722 

4,768 



3,462 
394 

1,225 
2,287 
5,405 



2,847 
344 

1,657 



1790 



28,522 



APPENDIX 



97 



CITIES AND BOROUGHS OF PENNSYLVANIA WITH MORE 
THAN 3000 INHABITANTS, CENSUS OF 1900 



CiTV OB Borough 



Allegheny 
Allentown 
Altoona . . 
Archbald . . 
Ashland . . 
Ashley . . . 
Athens . . 
Avoca . . . 
Bangor . . 
Beaver Falls . 
Bellefonte 
Bellevue . . 
Berwick (Columbia 

County) 
Bethlehem . 
Blairsville 
Blakely . . 
Bloomsburg . 
Braddock . . 
Bradford . . 
Bridgeport . 
Bristol . . . 
Butler . . . 
Carbondale . 
Carlisle . . 
Carnegie . . 
Catasauqua . 
Chambersburg 
Charleroi . . 
Chester . . 
Clearfield . . 



Population 



129,896 

35,416 

38,973 

5,396 

6,438 

4,046 

3,749 

3,487 

4,106 

10,054 

4,216 

3,416 

3,916 

7,293 

3,386 

3,915 

6,170 

15,654 

15,029 

3,097 

7,104 

10,853 

13,536 

9,626 

7,330 

3,963 

8,864 

5,930 

33,988 

5,081 



City or Borough 



Coatesville . 
Columbia . . 
Connellsville 
Conshohocken 
Corry . . 
Coudersport 
Danville . 
Darby . . 
Dickson . 
Doylestown 
Dubois . . 
Dun more . 
Duquesne . 
East IMaucli Cli 
Easton . . 
Edwardsville 
Elliott . . 
Erie . . 
Etna . . 
Forest City 
Franklin . 
Freeland . 
Gettsyburg 
Gilberton . 
Girardville 
Greensburg 
Greenville 
Hanover . 
Harrisburg 
Hazelton . 
Homestead 



Population 



5,721 

12,316 

7,160 

5,762 

5,369 

3,217 

8,042 

3,429 

4,948 

3,034 

9,375 

12,583 

9,036 

3,458 

25,238 

5,165 

3,345 

52,733 

5,384 

4,279 

7,317 

5,254 

3,495 

4,373 

3,666 

6,508 

4,814 

5,302 

50,167 

14,230 

12,554 



PENNSYLVANIA 



CITIES AND BOROUGHS OF PENNSYLVANIA— Con/iHwrZ 



City or Borough 


Population 


City ok Borough 


Population 


Huntingdon T . . . 


6,053 


Monongahela . . . 


5,173 


Indiana 


4,142 


Mt. Carmel . . 




13,179 


Jeannette 


5,865 


Mt. Pleasant 




4,745 


Jersey Sliore . . . 


3,070 


Nanticoke . . 




12,116 


Johnsonburg . . . 


3,894 


New Brighton . 




6,820 


Johnstown .... 


35,936 


Newcastle . . 




28,339 


Kane 


5,296 


New Kensington 




4,665 


Kingston 


3,846 


Norristown . . 




22,265 


Kittanning .... 


3,902 


North Bradd(jck 




6,.535 


Knoxville (Allegheny 




Oil City . . . 




13,264 


County) .... 


3,511 


Old Forge . . 




5,630 


Lancaster 


41,459 


Olyphant . . . 




6,180 


Lansford 


4,888 


Philadelphia. . 




1,293,697 


Latrobe 


4,614 


Philipsburg . . 




3,266 


Lebanon 


17,628 


Phrenixvillf . . 




9,196 


Lehighton .... 


4,629 


Pittsburg . . . 




321,616 


Lewisburg .... 


3,457 


Pittston . . . 




12,.5.j6 


Lewistown .... 


4,451 


Plymouth . . 




13,049 


Lock Haven .... 


7,210 


Pottstown . . 




13,696 


Luzerne 


3,817 


Pottsville . . . 




15,710 


McKeesport .... 


34,277 


Punxsutawney . 




4,375 


McKees Rocks . . . 


6,352 


Quakertowu . . 




3,014 


Mahanoy City . . . 


13,504 


Raukin . . . 




3,775 


Mauch Chunk . . . 


4,029 


Reading . . . 




78,961 


Meadville 


10,291 


Re novo . . . 




4,082 


Mechanicsburg (Cum- 




Reynoldsville . 




3,435 


berland County) . 


3,841 


Ridgway . . . 




3,515 


Media 


3,075 


Rochester. 




4,688 


Meyersdale . . . . 


3,024 


St. Clair . . . 




4,630 


Middletown . . . . 


5,608 


St. ]\Iarys . . . 




4,295 


Mill vale 


6,736 


Sayre ." . . . 




5,243 


Milton 


6,175 


Schuylkill IIuvcu 




3,654 


Miucrsviile . . . . 


4,815 


Scottdale . . . 




4,261 



APPENDIX 



99 



CITIES AND BOROUGHS OF PP:XNSYLVAXIA— Conc^wr/ef/ 



City or Borough 



Scranton . 
Sewickley 
Shamokiu 
Sharon 
Sharpsburg 
Shenandoah 
Shippensburg 
Slatington 
South Bethlehem 
(Northampton Co.) 
South Williamsport 
Steelton . . 
Stroudsburg . 
Sunbury . . 
Susquehanna 
Tarn aqua . 
Tarentum 
Taylor . . . 
Titusville . . 



Population 



102,026 
3,568 

18,202 
8,916 
6,842 

20,321 
3,228 
3,773 

13,211 
3,328 

12,086 
3,450 
9,810 
3,813 
7,267 
5,472 
4,215 
8,244 



CiTV OR BOROUOH 



Towanda .... 
Turtle Creek . . 
Tyrone .... 
Union City . . . 
Uniontown (Fayette 

County) . . . 
Warren .... 
Washington (Wash 

ington County) . 
AV^aynesboro . . . 
West Bethlehem . 
West Chester . . 
West Pittston . . 
Wilkesbarre . . . 
Wilkinsburg . . 
Williamsport . . 
Wilmerdiiig . . . 
Winton .... 
York 



Population 



4,663 
3,262 

5,847 
3,104 

7,344 

8,043 

7,670 

5,396 

3,465 

9,524 

5,846 

51,721 

11,886 

28,757 

4,179 

3,425 

33,708 



THE COUNTIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 



County 


Area, 
Square Miles 


Population, 
1900 


County Seat 


Adams 


531 


34,496 


. . . . Gettysburg 


Allegheny .... 


757 


775,058 


. . . . Pittsburg 


Armstrong .... 


612 


.52,551 


. . . . Kittanning 


Beaver 


452 


56,432 


Beaver 


Bedford ..... 


1,003 


39,468 


Bedford 


Berks 


900 


159,615 


Reading 



L.cfC. 



100 



PENNSYLVANIA 



THE COUNTIES OF PENNSYLVANIA— Con<m«erf 



County 


Area, 
Square Miles 


Population, 
1900 


County Seat 


Blair 


510 


85,099 


. . . HoUidaysburg 


Bradford . . 








1,162 


59,403 






Towanda 


Bucks . . . 








595 


71,100 






. Doylestown 


Butler . . 








814 


56,962 






. . Butler 


Cambria . . 








666 


104,837 






. Ebensbui-g 


Cameron . . 








381 


7,048 






. Emporium 


Carbon . 








402 


44,510 






Mauch Chunk 


Centre . . 








1,227 


42,894 






. Bellefonte 


Chester . 








763 


95,695 






West Chester 


Clarion . 








572 


34,283 






. . Clarion 


Clearfield 








1,130 


80,614 






Clearfield 


Clinton . 








857 


29,197 






Lock Haven 


Columbia 








479 


39,896 






Bloomsburg 


Crawford 








1,005 


63,643 






. Meadville 


Cumberland 








544 


50,344 








. Carlisle 


Dauphin . 








523 


114,443 








Harrisburg 


Delaware 








195 


94,762 








. . Media 


Elk . . 








774 


32,903 








. Ridgway 


Erie . . 








772 


98,473 








. . Erie 


Fayette . 








830 


110,412 








Uniontown 


Forest . 








431 


11,039 








. Tionesta 


Franklin . 








756 


54,902 




Chambersburg 


•Fulton . 








442 


9,924 




McConnellsburg 


Greene . 








620 


28,281 




. . Waynesburg 


Huntingdon 








899 


34,650 






Huntingdon 


Indiana . 








828 


42,556 






. . . Indiana 


Jefferson . 








646 


59,113 








Brookville 


Juniata . 








407 


16,054 








Mifflintown 


Lackawannf 








424 


193,831 








. Scranton 


Lancaster 








973 


159,241 








. Lancaster 


Lawrence 








376 


57,042 








. New Castle 


Lebanon . 








356 


53,827 








. . Lebanon 



APPENDIX 



101 



THE COUNTIES OF PENNSYLVANIA— Co»c/?«/e^Z 



Lehigh . 
Luzerne . 
Lycoming 
Mclvean . 
Mercer . 
Mifflin . 
Monroe . 
Montgomery 
Montour . . 
Northampton 
Northumberlan 
Perry . . 
Philadelphia 
Pike . . . 
Potter. . . 
Schuylkill . 
Snyder . . 
Somerset . . 
Sullivan . . 
Susquehanna 
Tioga . . . 
Union . . . 
Venango . . 
Warren . . 
Washington 
Wayne . . 
Westmoreland 
Wyoming . 
York . . . 



Area, 
Square Miles 



Total (67 counties) 



364 

926 

1,21::; 

1,007 
666 
377 
595 
484 
140 
382 
462 
476 
130 
631 

1,071 
840 
317 

1,102 
434 
828 

1,124 
315 
658 
914 
889 
747 

1,046 
403 
921 



t5,086 



POI'ULATION, 
1900 



93,893 

257,121 
75,663 
51,343 
57,387 
23,160 
21,161 

138,995 
15,526 
99,687 
90,911 
26,263 
1,293,697 
8,766 
30,621 

172,927 
17,304 
49,461 
12,134 
40,043 
49,086 
17,592 
49,648 
38,946 
92,181 
30,171 

160,175 
17,152 

116,413 



6,302,115 



County Seat 



. Allentown 

Wilkesbarre 

William sport 

. Smethport 

. . jNIercer 

. Lewistown 

Stroudsburg 

. Norristown 

. . Danville 

I^aston 

. . Sunbury 

New Bloonifield 

Philadelphia 

. . Milford 

Coudersport 

Pottsville 

^liddleburg 

Somerset 

. Laporte 

^lontrose 

Wellsboro 

Lewisburg 

Franklin 

. Warren 

Washington 

. Honesdale 

Greensburg 

Tunkhannock 

. . . York 



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